A general term for lesions of the anus and around the anus, including various diseases, but often referring to hemorrhoids in the narrow sense. Hemorrhoids are often said to be common among Japanese people, but the cause is closely related to constipation, diarrhea, and bowel habits, so it is better to say that it is a problem shared by all of humanity. [Hiroshi Takema] ClassificationHemorrhoidal disorders include the following: [1] Hemorrhoidal system diseases These include hemorrhoids, commonly known as hemorrhoids, and prolapse of the rectum. Hemorrhoids are classified according to the location where they occur: (1) Internal hemorrhoids are hemorrhoids that form on the oral side (above) of the anal dentate line (the border between the rectum and the anal skin). (2) External hemorrhoids are hemorrhoids that form on the anal side (below) of the dentate line, and there are acute thrombosed external hemorrhoids and chronic anal skin tags. (3) Intermediate hemorrhoids (mixed hemorrhoids) are caused when internal and external hemorrhoids occur simultaneously, resulting in a series of swelling extending from the mucous membrane side to the skin side of the anus. Prolapse of the anus occurs mainly when internal hemorrhoids protrude outside the anus and cannot be reduced, and acute prolapse is also called incarcerated hemorrhoids. It is different from rectal prolapse, in which the rectal wall slides down the anal sphincter. [2] Diseases related to anal fistulas Commonly known as anal fistulas, these occur when a perianal abscess collapses and creates a fistula (a tunnel-like tube) that connects the inside and outside of the anus. However, there are various names for this condition depending on the location and course of the fistula. (1) A simple anal fistula is one that is found subcutaneously or submucosally. (2) Intermuscular fistula is a fistula with its main lesion located between the internal anal sphincter and the external anal sphincter, and is divided into high intermuscular fistula and low intermuscular fistula. (3) Ischiorectal fistula is a fistula in the area surrounded by the inferior pelvic diaphragm fascia below the levator ani muscle, the obturator fascia, and the rectum. (4) Pelvic-rectal fistula is a fistula with a fistula formed when the abscess cavity extends above the levator ani muscle. (5) A horseshoe-shaped fistula occurs when a fistula formed on the posterior wall of the anus forms fistulas on both sides along the course of the external anal sphincter, resulting in a horseshoe-shaped induration. A semi-horseshoe-shaped fistula is called a semi-horseshoe-shaped fistula. (6) A complex fistula is one in which the fistula course is complex and it is not easy to follow its entire course. [3] Anal fissure Also called anal fissure, commonly known as anal fissure or anal fissure, this refers to a vertical crack in the epithelium of the anal canal. When this becomes chronic, the crack deepens and is accompanied by sentinel hemorrhoids and anal papilla hypertrophy (also known as anal polyps), resulting in a condition known as an anal ulcer. [4] Other perianal diseases The most common are perianal inflammation and perianal abscess. Perianal inflammation is a general term for inflammation around the anal canal and lower rectum, and is believed to be caused primarily by Escherichia coli invading the anal glands that open into the anal crypts in the dentate line, causing suppuration. Perianal abscess is a condition in which an abscess forms around the anus and rectum as a result of perianal inflammation. Although infection can occur from anal fissures or rectal foreign body wounds, most infections originate from the anal glands. When these rupture, they become anal fistulas. In addition, the following are also seen: (1) Pruritus ani is a condition in which intestinal fluids, pus, sweat, etc. cause dermatitis around the anus, resulting in itching. It can sometimes be caused by tinea fungus, Candida, or parasites. (2) Anal stenosis refers to the narrowing of the anal canal caused by scarring from anal surgery or recurrent anal fissures, making it impossible for an index finger to pass through. (3) Whitehead's anus refers to the everted condition of the rectal mucosa seen after hemorrhoid surgery, which involves circular excision around the entire anus, and was devised by the British surgeon Walter Whitehead (1840-1913). (4) Complete rectal prolapse refers to the prolapse of the entire rectal wall outside the anus. (5) Anal neurosis refers to persistent complaints of discomfort in the anal area, a feeling of uncleanliness, fecal leakage, fear of rectal cancer, etc., despite the absence of local findings. (6) A pilonidal fistula is a fistula containing hair that occurs in the sacral region. It is acquired and is often mistaken for anal fistula. (7) An anal foreign body is something such as a fish bone that has been eaten by mistake and which becomes lodged in the rectum near the anus, causing pain. (8) Hidradenitis suppurativa is a chronic cellulitis that begins with infection of the apocrine glands in the perineum and buttocks. (9) Benign tumors that can occur around the anus include cysts, sebaceous cysts, rectal carcinoid tumors, lipomas, and hemangiomas. (10) There are two types of condyloma: syphilitic and viral. (11) Anal skin tags are wrinkled and rolled-up skin that appears after swelling in the anal area has healed. [Hiroshi Takema] TreatmentAlthough the term "hemorrhoids" is used in general, the causes are varied, including vascular lesions, infections, mechanical damage, and tumors, and it is not possible to generalize about the treatment. There have been many folk remedies and secret medicines used as symptomatic treatments since ancient times, but if the cause is not treated, the condition may worsen. Please refer to the relevant items for each. [Hiroshi Takema] "Curing Anal Diseases by Yukio Sumikoshi" (1981, Hoken Dojinsha, Hoken Dojin Health Books) [Reference items] | | | | | | |©Shogakukan "> Main hemorrhoids Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
肛門(こうもん)および肛門周囲の病変の総称で各種の疾患が含まれるが、しばしば狭義に痔核をさすこともある。痔疾患は日本人に多いとよくいわれるが、その原因は便秘や下痢、排便習慣との関係が深く、人類共通の悩みといったほうがよい。 [竹馬 浩] 分類痔疾患には、次のようなものが含まれる。 〔1〕痔核系統の疾患 俗にいぼ痔とよばれる痔核や脱肛などがある。 痔核は、発生部位により次のように分けられる。 (1)内痔核は、肛門歯状線(直腸と肛門皮膚の境界線)より口側(上方)にできる痔核。 (2)外痔核は、歯状線より肛門側(下方)にできる痔核で、急性の血栓性外痔核と慢性の肛門皮垂がある。 (3)中間痔核(混合痔核)は、内痔核と外痔核が同時に発生し、粘膜側から肛門皮膚側にかけて一連の腫(は)れを生じたものである。 脱肛は、主として内痔核が肛門外に脱出し、還納できない状態になったもので、急性の脱肛を嵌頓(かんとん)痔核ともいう。直腸壁が肛門括約筋の下方へ滑脱する直腸脱とは異なる。 〔2〕痔瘻(じろう)系統の疾患 俗にあな痔とよばれるもので、肛門周囲膿瘍(のうよう)が自潰(じかい)して瘻管(トンネル状の管)をつくり、肛門の内外に交通をもつようになったものを痔瘻とよぶが、その瘻管の所在や走行によって種々の名称がある。 (1)単純痔瘻は、皮下や粘膜下にみられるものをいう。 (2)筋間痔瘻は、肛門内括約筋と外括約筋の筋間に主病巣をもつ痔瘻で、高位筋間痔瘻と低位筋間痔瘻に分けられる。 (3)坐骨(ざこつ)直腸隙(げき)痔瘻は、肛門挙筋下面の下骨盤隔膜筋膜と閉鎖筋膜および直腸に囲まれた領域の痔瘻である。 (4)骨盤直腸隙痔瘻は、肛門挙筋より上方に膿瘍腔(くう)が広がって生じた瘻管をもつ痔瘻である。 (5)馬蹄(ばてい)型痔瘻は、肛門後壁にできた痔瘻が肛門外括約筋の走行に沿って両側性に瘻管をつくり、馬蹄型に硬結を触れるようになったもので、半周性のものは半馬蹄型痔瘻とよぶ。 (6)複雑痔瘻は、瘻管の走行が複雑で、容易にその走行のすべてを追うことができないような痔瘻のことをいう。 〔3〕肛門裂創 裂肛ともいい、俗に切れ痔とか裂け痔とよばれるもので、肛門管上皮の縦の亀裂(きれつ)をいう。これが陳旧化すると、見張り痔や肛門乳頭肥大(いわゆる肛門ポリープ)を伴って亀裂が深まり、肛門潰瘍とよばれる状態になる。 〔4〕その他の肛門周囲の疾患 代表的なものは肛門周囲炎と肛門周囲膿瘍である。 肛門周囲炎は、肛門管および下部直腸周囲の炎症の総称で、歯状線にある肛門小窩(しょうか)に開口する肛門腺(せん)に、主として大腸菌が侵入して化膿を引き起こすことによるとされている。 肛門周囲膿瘍は、肛門周囲炎の結果、肛門直腸周囲に膿瘍を形成した状態をいい、裂肛や直腸異物創などからの感染もあるが、肛門腺を感染源とするものが多い。これが破れたとき、痔瘻になる。 なお、このほか次のようなものもみられる。 (1)肛門瘙痒(そうよう)症は、腸液、膿、汗などで肛門周囲に皮膚炎をおこしてかゆみを訴える状態をいい、ときにはその原因が白癬(はくせん)菌、カンジダ、寄生虫などによることもある。 (2)肛門狭窄(きょうさく)は、肛門手術による瘢痕(はんこん)、反復する裂肛により示指が通らなくなるほど狭くなった肛門管のことをいう。 (3)ホワイトヘッド肛門は、イギリスの外科医ホワイトヘッドWalter Whitehead(1840―1913)が考案した肛門全周にわたって環状に切除する痔核手術後にみられる直腸粘膜の外翻した状態をいう。 (4)完全直腸脱は、直腸壁全層が肛門外に脱出したものをいう。 (5)肛門神経症は、肛門部の違和感、不潔感、便の漏れ、直腸癌(がん)恐怖などを、局所所見がないのにしつこく訴えるものをいう。 (6)毛巣瘻は、仙骨部に発生する毛髪を内蔵した瘻管をいい、後天性で、痔瘻とよく間違われる。 (7)肛門異物とは、誤って食べた魚骨などが肛門近くで直腸に突き刺さり、痛みを訴えるものをいう。 (8)化膿性汗腺炎は、会陰(えいん)部や臀(でん)部のアポクリン腺の感染に始まる慢性蜂巣(ほうそう)炎である。 (9)肛門周囲にできる良性腫瘍(しゅよう)としては、嚢腫(のうしゅ)、粉瘤(ふんりゅう)、直腸カルチノイド、脂肪腫、血管腫などがある。 (10)コンジローマには、梅毒性のものとウイルス性のものがある。 (11)肛門皮垂は、肛門部の腫れが治癒したのち、皮膚がまくれてしわが寄ったものである。 [竹馬 浩] 治療ひと口に痔といっても、その成因は、血管性病変、感染症、機械的損傷、腫瘍などまちまちであり、その治療を一概に論ずることはできない。古くから対症療法としての民間療法や秘伝薬が多いが、原因療法を行わないとこじらせることがある。それぞれの関連項目を参照されたい。 [竹馬 浩] 『隅越幸男著『肛門の病気をなおす』(1981・保健同人社・保健同人健康ブックス)』 [参照項目] | | | | | | |©Shogakukan"> おもな痔疾患 出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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