Algerian War

Japanese: アルジェリア戦争 - あるじぇりあせんそう
Algerian War

The Algerian National Liberation Front (FLN) fought a war of national liberation against France from 1954 to 1962. Algeria was invaded by France in 1830 and came under colonial rule from 1834 onwards. Since then, white settlers (colons) have seized Algerian land and introduced discriminatory policies against Algerians. During this time, numerous resistance movements, including the Abdel Kader Rebellion, occurred intermittently, but were all suppressed. After World War I, France implemented partial reforms, but many Algerians were not satisfied, and in 1926, a political organization called the Star of North Africa was founded among Algerians (and Tunisians) living in Paris, ushering in the era of modern nationalist movements. The Star of North Africa moved its base to Algiers in the mid-1930s, and the nationalist movement became even more popular, but during World War II, the movement was suppressed by the Vichy government, and the Algerian People's Party, the successor to the Star of North Africa, was banned. The Society of Friends of the Manifesto and Liberty, founded at the end of the war, demanded autonomy for Algeria, but despite post-war colonial reforms, Algeria remained part of mainland France, which led to nationalist dissatisfaction that reached its limit.

The armed uprising started by the FLN in the eastern mountain area in November 1954 gradually spread to the rural areas of the country, and resistance movements by sabotage and terrorism became frequent even in the cities. In response, France increased its military presence in Algeria from an initial total of only 50,000 to over 500,000 by 1958 in an attempt to suppress the liberation struggle, but was unsuccessful. The division of domestic public opinion and financial difficulties due to the huge cost of the war ultimately led to a crisis in the Fourth Republic itself. To overcome this crisis, France enacted the New Algerian Basic Law in February 1958, which was based on an appeasement policy and focused on expanding local autonomy, but this not only did not satisfy the Algerians, but instead triggered a rebellion by the French troops stationed in Algeria. With the support of the military, General de Gaulle took control of the government and launched the Fifth Republic in October of the same year. Meanwhile, in September of the same year, the Provisional Government of the Republic of Algeria was established in Cairo, Egypt, and the de Gaulle government also recognized Algeria's right to self-determination in September. After a ceasefire agreement in March 1962 (the Evian Accords) and a referendum in July of the same year, Algeria achieved independence.

[Hideo Oda]

"The Algerian War" by Jules Roy, translated by Michihiko Suzuki (Iwanami Shinsho)""The Algerian War: Seven and a Half Years of the FLN" by Tokusaburo Tan (Aoki Shinsho)

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

アルジェリア民族解放戦線(FLN)によって1954年から1962年まで続けられたフランスに対する民族解放戦争。アルジェリアは1830年にフランスによって侵略され、1834年以降その植民地支配のもとに置かれることになったが、以来白人移民(コロン)によるアルジェリア人の土地の収奪が進められ、またアルジェリア人に対する差別的な政策が導入された。この間アブデル・カーデルの反乱をはじめ数多くの抵抗運動が断続的に起こったが、ことごとく鎮圧された。第一次世界大戦後フランスは部分的な改革を実施したがアルジェリア人の多くは満足せず、1926年にはパリ在住アルジェリア人(およびチュニジア人)の間に「北アフリカの星」という名の政治組織が創設され、近代的な民族運動の時代が到来した。「北アフリカの星」は1930年代なかば以降アルジェに本拠を移し、民族運動はいっそう盛り上がったが、第二次世界大戦中ビシー政府の手で運動は弾圧され、「北アフリカの星」の後身であるアルジェリア人民党は禁止された。大戦末期に創設された「宣言と自由の友の会」はアルジェリアの自治を要求したが、戦後の植民地改革にもかかわらず、アルジェリアはあくまでもフランス本土の一部とされたため、民族主義者の不満は限界に達した。

 1954年11月FLNによって東部山岳地帯で開始された武装蜂起(ほうき)は、しだいに全国の農村地帯へ広がり、都市でもサボタージュやテロによる抵抗運動が頻発するに至った。これに対しフランスは、当初延べ5万人にすぎなかったアルジェリア駐留軍を1958年までに50万人余りに増強し、解放闘争の鎮圧を図ったが成功せず、国内世論の分裂、巨額の戦費による財政難などによって、ついに第四共和政そのものの危機を招く結果となった。この危機を打開するためフランスは、1958年2月、宥和(ゆうわ)政策として地方自治の拡大を骨子とする新アルジェリア基本法を成立させたが、これはアルジェリア人を満足させなかったばかりか、かえってアルジェリア駐留フランス軍の反乱を誘発することになった。そこで、軍の支持を背景にドゴール将軍が政権を掌握して、同年10月に第五共和政を発足させた。他方、同年9月にはエジプトのカイロにアルジェリア共和国臨時政府が樹立され、ドゴール政府も9月にアルジェリア自決権を承認し、その後1962年3月の停戦協定(エビアン協定)、同年7月の住民投票を経て、アルジェリアは独立を達成したのである。

[小田英郎]

『ジュール・ロワ著、鈴木道彦訳『アルジェリア戦争』(岩波新書)』『淡徳三郎著『アルジェリア戦争 FLNの7年半』(青木新書)』

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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