The principle that when an object is partially or completely immersed in a fluid (liquid or gas), the object experiences a buoyant force equal to the weight of the fluid displaced by the object. According to legend, Archimedes was ordered by King Hiero II of Syracuse to find out whether the crown was made of pure gold or contained other metals. While bathing, Archimedes noticed that the water in the bathtub, the same volume as his body, spilled out, making him feel lighter. This led to the discovery of this principle, and the insight that the crown contained silver. If you imagine removing an object from a liquid and replacing it with the same liquid, the liquid inside and outside is the same, so it should be balanced and remain stationary. This can be thought of as being because the downward gravity acting on the center of gravity of the liquid that replaced the object and the buoyant force that the liquid in that area receives from the surrounding liquid are balanced. This buoyant force is the resultant of the pressures that the surrounding liquids apply to the surface of the object, so the magnitude and direction of this resultant force should not change whether the inside is the same liquid or a different object. We can therefore see that the buoyant force determined by Archimedes' principle acts on the center of gravity of an object immersed in liquid. [Mitsuo Ishikawa] [References] | | |©Shogakukan "> Archimedes' principle Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
物体の一部または全部が流体(液体または気体)の中にあるとき、物体には、物体が押しのけた部分の流体の重さに等しい浮力が働くという原理。伝説によれば、シラクーザの王ヒエロン2世から、王冠が純金でできているのか、それともほかの金属が混じっているのかを調べるよう命じられたアルキメデスが、入浴中に、浴槽につかった自分の体と同体積の水がこぼれて体が軽く感じられるのに気づき、このことからこの原理を発見し、また王冠に銀が混じっているのを見抜いたという。 液体中の物体を取り去って、そのあとに同じ形の液体を詰めたと考えると、内外は同じ液体であるから、つり合って静止するはずである。これは、物体と入れ替えた液体の重心に働く下向きの重力と、その部分の液体が周囲の液体から受ける浮力がつり合っているからであると考えることができる。この浮力は、周囲の液体が物体の表面に加える圧力の合力であるから、内部が同じ液体であっても、他の物体であっても、合力の大きさと方向は変わらないはずである。したがって、液体中の物体の重心には、アルキメデスの原理で決まる浮力が作用することがわかる。 [石川光男] [参照項目] | | |©Shogakukan"> アルキメデスの原理 出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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