A leader in German legal studies in the first half of the 19th century. Born into an aristocratic family in Frankfurt. A leading researcher in Roman law (a Romanist), he built the foundations of German civil law and also contributed to the establishment of private international law. He studied at the University of Marburg, and became a lecturer at his alma mater in 1800. He became a professor at the University of Landshut in 1808, and was appointed professor at the University of Berlin when it was founded in 1810. In 1812, he succeeded Fichte as rector for about a year and a half. In 1842, he became Prussian Minister of Legislative Revision, but retired in 1848 and thereafter devoted himself to research. In 1803, at the age of just 24, he gained fame by publishing his treatise "Discourse on Possession". In 1814, when Thibaut published his essay "On the Necessity of a General German Civil Code", Savigny wrote "On the Modern Tasks of Legislation and Jurisprudence", and thus began the famous "Civil Code Controversy". Aiming to modernize Germany, Thibaut advocated the establishment of a civil code based on rational and reasonable standards, based on the principles of modern natural law, such as France's "Code Napoleon". In response, Savigny, from the standpoint of the historical school of law, which held that law, like language, is a manifestation of the common conviction of a nation that has developed historically, that is, the national spirit, and therefore cannot be freely created by humans, rejected Thibaut's proposal, stating that the establishment of a civil code was premature. In Japan, the "Civil Code Controversy" occurred in the early 1880s, but Hozumi Yatsuka said, "With the creation of the Civil Code, loyalty and filial piety will be lost," and opposed the establishment of a modern civil code, claiming that it would damage the traditional Japanese customs and beauty. It cannot be denied that the arguments of Savigny, Hozumi, and others ultimately delayed the modernization of Germany and Japan. In 1815, the year after the Civil Code controversy broke out, Savigny founded the Journal of Historical Law with K. F. Eichhorn and others in order to establish a position in historical jurisprudence, and also published a six-volume series, History of Medieval Roman Law, between that year and 1831, and an eight-volume series, The Modern Roman Legal System, between 1840 and 1849. Savigny's historical jurisprudence played a conservative role politically, but it can be said to have made a certain contribution to the advancement of the scientific study of law in that he advocated the need to consider law from a historical and social perspective. [Hiroshi Tanaka] [References] | | | | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
19世紀前半のドイツ法学界における指導者。フランクフルトの貴族の家に生まれる。ローマ法研究の大家(ロマニスト)で、ドイツ民法学の基礎を築き、国際私法学の樹立にも貢献した。マールブルク大学に学び、1800年母校の講師となり、1808年ランズフート大学教授、1810年ベルリン大学創設と同時に教授に就任。1812年にはフィヒテの後任として約1年半総長を務める。1842年にはプロイセン立法改訂大臣となるが、1848年に退き、以後研究に没頭する。 1803年に、わずか24歳で『占有権論』を著して名声を博す。1814年に、チボーが「ドイツ一般民法典の必要性について」という論文を発表すると、サビニーは「立法および法学に対する現代の任務について」を書き、ここに有名な「民法典論争」が始まった。チボーは、ドイツの近代化を目ざし、フランスの『ナポレオン法典』のような近代自然法の原理にたつ、理性的・合理的基準に基づく民法典の制定を提唱した。これに対し、サビニーは、法は言語と同じく歴史的に発展してきた民族の共同の確信すなわち民族精神の現れであるから、人間が自由に作為できるものではない、という歴史法学派の立場から、民法典の制定は時期尚早であるとしてチボーの提唱を退けた。日本でも明治20年代前半に「民法典論争」が起こったが、穂積八束(ほづみやつか)は「民法出テテ忠孝亡フ」と述べ、近代民法の制定は日本伝統の醇風(じゅんぷう)美俗を損なうとして反対している。サビニー、穂積らの主張は結局のところドイツや日本の近代化を遅らせることになったことは否定できない。 民法典論争が起こった翌1815年、サビニーは歴史法学の立場を確立するために、K・F・アイヒホルンらと『歴史法学雑誌』を創刊し、またこの年から1831年にかけて『中世ローマ法史』全6巻、また1840~1849年にかけて『現代ローマ法体系』全8巻を刊行している。サビニーの歴史法学は政治的には保守的な役割を果たしたが、法を歴史的・社会的に考察する必要を説いた点で、法の科学的研究を進めるうえで一定の貢献をしたものといえよう。 [田中 浩] [参照項目] | | | | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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