Za-yao; tsa-yao

Japanese: 雑徭 - ざつよう（英語表記）za-yao; tsa-yao

A type of labor service in China. It appeared in the Northern Wei Dynasty and involved labor services other than those prescribed, miscellaneous labor services, or half of the total labor service depending on age, and this half-tax or half-service was called zoyo. During the Tang Dynasty, the equal-field system was implemented, and zoyo became one of the four types of labor services along with the tax assessment service. In other words, while the central labor service was called shoyaku, temporary county labor service such as local civil engineering works was called zoyo. Under the Tang system, zoyo was about 50 days. In Japan, it was called zoyo, and was carried out during the Ritsuryo period, and was unpaid labor imposed on adult males for up to 60 days. As in the Tang Dynasty, it was carried out in local areas, such as the construction of roads, levees, and official buildings.

Miscellaneous

A type of tax under the ancient Ritsuryo system, labor. According to the fuyaku-ryo, the maximum number of days of labor was 60 days per year, and was imposed according to the needs of the kokushi. The main tasks were waterworks, road repairs, and construction of government offices and temples in the regions, and the kokushi also used the labor for their own personal use. As a rule, food was not provided, and the farmers suffered under the burden. The number of days of labor was halved to 30 days in the 1st year of Tenpyo-hoji (757), but was later restored to 60 days, and was again changed to 30 days in the 14th year of Enryaku (795). After that, there were changes such as an exception to set the number of days at 10 days for citizens of the Gyeonggi region, and a uniform change to 20 days.

Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information

Japanese:

中国における力役の一種。北魏以来現れ，規定以外の力役，雑多な労役もしくは年齢によって全役の半分が課され，この半課，半役を雑徭といった。唐代，均田制が行われて，租調役とともに雑徭は4賦役の一つとなった。すなわち，労働奉仕の中央的なものを「正役」というのに対し，地方の土木工事など臨時的な県の労働奉仕を雑徭といった。雑徭は唐制ではおよそ 50日であった。日本では「ぞうよう」と呼び，律令制時代に行われ，60日以内成年男子に課せられた無償労働。唐と同じく地方で，道路，堤防，官舎の建設などにあたった。

雑徭
ぞうよう

古代の律令制下の課役の一種で，労役。賦役令によれば毎年 60日を限度とし，国司の必要に応じて課せられた。地方の水利工事，道路の修造，官衙，寺院の造営がおもなもので，さらには国司が私用にあてることも行われた。食糧は原則として支給されず，農民はそれらの負担に苦しんだ。使役日数は天平宝字1 (757) 年 30日に半減されたが，のちまた 60日に復し，さらに延暦 14 (795) 年にまた 30日と改められた。その後，京畿の公民は 10日とする特例や一律に 20日と改められるなどの変遷をみた。

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