Al-Andalus

Japanese: アル・アンダルス - あるあんだるす(英語表記)Al-Andalus
Al-Andalus

The name given to the Iberian Peninsula by the Muslims who invaded and conquered it in 711. It is usually believed to be derived from the name of the Vandals, a Germanic tribe who crossed from here to North Africa in 429, but in recent years, a theory has been proposed based on detailed place-name research that suggests the origin of the name is Atlántida, an island in the Atlantic Ocean mentioned by Plato. As confirmed by gold coins minted in 716, immediately after the conquest, Al-Andalus was synonymous with Hispania, which had been used since the Roman period, and referred to the entire peninsula, but with the establishment of Christian Spanish states in the north, it eventually came to refer only to the part of the peninsula under Muslim political control. Today's name for the southern part of Spain, Andalusia, is derived from Al-Andalus, but of course they are not synonyms.

The history of Al-Andalus begins with the Battle of Guadalete (711), in which Muslims defeated the Visigoths, and ends with the fall of the Kingdom of Granada in 1492. During this period of approximately 800 years, Al-Andalus achieved development and prosperity worthy of its name as the center of the Western Islamic world, while also exerting a decisive influence on the formation of present-day Spain and Portugal, and also playing a major role in the history of medieval Western Europe in various ways, at times greatly.

Roman cultural traditions were deeply rooted in the Iberian Peninsula, while the number of Muslim conquerors was only just over 2% of the peninsula's population. However, after the Umayyads were driven out of Damascus in 756 and established a government in exile in Al-Andalus, the capital, Cordoba, became the only suitable Western receptacle of Islamic culture, which had been culminated in Baghdad from the mid-9th century, in addition to Syrian traditions. In the 10th century, supported by active agriculture, commerce, and urban crafts, Cordoba reached the height of its prosperity and power, rivaling Baghdad and Constantinople in the east. Its central mosque, known today as the Mezquita, was expanded to accommodate 25,000 people, the marble palace of Medina al-Zahra (now in ruins), which housed 20,000 courtiers, was built on the outskirts, and the palace library is said to have contained 400,000 books.

However, in contrast to its economic and cultural success, the politics and society of Al-Andalus were marked by a succession of oppression and riots, and ethnic conflicts between the residents were constant. Furthermore, Al-Andalus neglected the anti-Islamic society that arose in the northern part of the peninsula shortly after the conquest, and as a result, after the collapse of the Umayyad dynasty (1031), Al-Andalus found itself in a sudden turn of events, being pursued by the Christian Reconquista (war of recovery of the country). By the mid-13th century, Al-Andalus had lost both the eastern and western parts of the peninsula, leaving only the Nasrid Kingdom of Granada (1232-1492), protected by the fortress of the Sierra Nevada Mountains.

[Kobayashi Kazuhiro]

[References] | Andalusia | Spain | Iberian Peninsula | Umayyad Caliphate | Cordoba | Nasrid Dynasty | Bandar | Reconquista

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

711年イベリア半島に侵入してこれを征服したイスラム教徒による同地の呼称。通常、429年にここから北アフリカに渡ったゲルマンの一派バンダルVandal人の名に由来するとされてきたが、近年、綿密な地名の研究に基づいてこれの語源をプラトンが伝える大西洋上の島Atlántidaとする説が提唱されている。716年鋳造の金貨に確認されるように、征服直後は、アル・アンダルスはローマ期以来のイスパニアと同義で半島全域をさしたが、北部のキリスト教スペイン諸国の成立に伴って、やがてイスラム教徒の政治支配下の半島部分だけの呼称となった。今日のスペイン南部の地方名アンダルシアは、アル・アンダルスに由来するが、もとより同義語ではない。

 アル・アンダルスの歴史はイスラム教徒が西ゴート軍を破ったグアダレーテの戦い(711)に始まり、グラナダ王国の滅亡(1492)で終わる。この間の約800年、アル・アンダルスは西方イスラム世界の中心の名にふさわしい発展と繁栄を達成する一方、今日のスペインとポルトガルの生成に決定的な影響を与えるとともに、中世西ヨーロッパ史にもさまざまな形で、ときには大きく関与した。

 イベリア半島におけるローマ文化の伝統は根深く、他方イスラム教徒征服者の数は半島人口の2%を上回る程度のものだった。だが、756年にダマスコ(ダマスカス)を追われたウマイヤ家がアル・アンダルスに亡命政権をたてると、首都コルドバはシリアの伝統に加えて、9世紀中葉からはバグダードで集大成されたイスラム文化の西方における唯一のかっこうな受け皿となった。そして10世紀には、活発な農業、商業、都市手工業に支えられたコルドバは、東のバグダードとコンスタンティノープルに肩を並べる繁栄と威勢の極に達した。今日、メスキータの名で知られるその中央モスクは収容能力2万5000人に拡張され、郊外には廷臣2万を抱えたという大理石造りのメディーナ・アルサフラ宮殿(現在は廃墟(はいきょ))が造営され、宮廷図書館の蔵書は40万冊に達したと伝えられる。

 しかし、経済と文化での成功とは対照的に、アル・アンダルスの政治と社会は圧政と暴動の連続であり、住民の間には民族対立が絶えなかった。また征服後まもなく半島北辺に生まれた反イスラム社会を軽視したことから、後(こう)ウマイヤ朝崩壊(1031)以後、アル・アンダルスは一転してキリスト教徒のレコンキスタ(国土回復戦争)に追われる状況に陥った。そして13世紀中葉までには半島東部と西部を失って、わずかにシエラ・ネバダ山脈の要害に守られたナスル朝グラナダ王国(1232~1492)を残すだけとなった。

[小林一宏]

[参照項目] | アンダルシア | イスパニア | イベリア半島 | 後ウマイヤ朝 | コルドバ | ナスル朝 | バンダル | レコンキスタ

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