The name of a historical region in Germany. Latin name Saxonia, English name Saxony. Its scope has changed over time, but before 1180 it referred to the area inhabited by the Saxons between the Rhine and Elbe rivers in northern Germany, and the name remains in the present-day state of Lower Saxony in Germany. Since 1423, it has referred to the area upstream the Elbe River, in the southeastern part of the former East Germany (German Democratic Republic), roughly corresponding to the area of the three counties of Dresden, Leipzig, and Karl-Marx-Stadt. This area was a state of East Germany from 1947 to 1952. At that time, it had an area of 16,993 square kilometers and a population of approximately 5,558,000. With the unification of Germany in 1990, the new state of Saxony was established covering the area of the three counties mentioned above. The state capital is Dresden. Even today, it is blessed with underground resources such as coal and iron, and is an important industrial region of Germany. Other cities include Chemnitz and Leipzig. [Kenjiro Nakamura] historyThe West Germanic Saxons had lived in northern Germany since ancient times, and were conquered by Charlemagne at the end of the 8th century, becoming part of the Frankish Kingdom and Christianizing the area. In the second half of the 9th century, the powerful Duchy of Saxony was formed, but it collapsed with the fall of Henry the Lion in 1180, and the House of Askania (which had inherited part of the Duchy's territory and the title of Duke of Saxony, and obtained the title of Elector in 1356) also became extinct in 1423, and the area of Saxony shrank, and the Wettin family, Margrave of Meissen, obtained its territory and the title of Elector. From then on, the area upstream the Elbe River, which was under the control of the Wettin family, came to be called Saxony. In 1485, the Wettin family split into Ernst and Albrecht branches, with the Ernst branch inheriting the electoral title and producing Frederick the Wise (III), who protected Luther during the Reformation, and becoming the leader of the Protestant princes. However, after losing the Schmalkaldic War, the electoral title and part of its territory went to the Albrecht branch, and the Albrecht branch became the central figure in Saxony. During the reigns of Frederick August I (reigned 1694-1733) and August II (reigned 1733-63), an absolutist governing system was established, the arts and sciences flourished, industry developed mainly in the textile industry, and the Elector of Saxony also held the Polish throne. It was during this period that the capital at the time, Dresden, became a magnificent Baroque city. However, as it held the Polish throne, it was involved in the Northern War (1700-21), and also suffered a heavy defeat by siding with Austria in the Seven Years' War (1756-63). In 1806, it sided with Napoleon and joined the Confederation of the Rhine, and was allowed to call itself a kingdom by Napoleon, but was forced to cede more than half of its territory to Prussia at the Congress of Vienna (1814-15). Riots broke out under the influence of the July Revolution in France (1830), and the country promulgated a constitution in 1831, but after the March Revolution in Germany in 1848, it leaned toward reactionary politics. In the Prussian-Austrian War, it sided with Austria and was defeated, and in 1866 it joined the North German Confederation, which was later succeeded by the German Empire and the Weimar Republic. After World War I, the monarchy was abolished in 1919, and in 1933, under Nazi rule, it became a state of Germany (the Third Reich). After World War II, it became a state in the German Democratic Republic. [Kenjiro Nakamura] [Reference] |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
ドイツの歴史的地域名。ラテン語名サクソニアSaxonia、英語名サクソニーSaxony。その範囲は時代によって変遷しているが、1180年以前は、ドイツ北部のライン川とエルベ川の間、ザクセン人の居住地域をさし、現在のドイツのニーダーザクセン州にその名が残る。 1423年以後はエルベ川の上流、旧東ドイツ(ドイツ民主共和国)南東部の地域をさし、ドレスデン、ライプツィヒ、カール・マルクス・シュタットの3県の範囲にほぼ相当した。この地域は、1947年から52年まで東ドイツの一州をなしていた。当時の面積は1万6993平方キロメートル、人口約555万8000であった。なお、1990年のドイツ統一によって、前記3県の範囲をもって新たにザクセン州が設けられた。州都はドレスデンである。今日でも石炭、鉄などの地下資源に恵まれており、ドイツの重要な工業地帯となっている。ほかにケムニッツ、ライプツィヒなどの都市がある。 [中村賢二郎] 歴史ドイツ北部には古くより西ゲルマンのザクセン人が居住し、8世紀末カール大帝に征服されてフランク王国の一部となり、キリスト教化した。9世紀後半に強大なザクセン公国が形成されたが、1180年ハインリヒ獅子(しし)公の失脚によって瓦解(がかい)、その所領の一部とザクセン公位を継承したアスカニア家(1356年選帝侯位を取得)も1423年断絶し、ザクセンの範囲は縮小して、マイセン辺境伯のウェッティン家がその所領と選帝侯位を得た。以後このウェッティン家の支配地域であるエルベ川上流の地がザクセンとよばれることになる。ウェッティン家は1485年エルンスト系とアルブレヒト系に分かれ、エルンスト系が選帝侯位を相続し、宗教改革時代にはルターを庇護(ひご)したフリードリヒ賢公(3世)を出して、新教派諸侯のリーダーとなったが、シュマルカルデン戦争に敗れて選帝侯位と所領の一部はアルブレヒト系に移り、以後アルブレヒト系がザクセンの中心的存在となった。フリードリヒ・アウグスト1世(在位1694~1733)と同2世(在位1733~63)の時代に絶対主義的統治機構が整い、学芸が栄え、繊維工業を中心として産業も発展し、ザクセン選帝侯はポーランド王位を兼ねた。当時の首都ドレスデンがバロック風の華麗な都市となったのもこの時代である。しかしポーランド王位を兼ねたことから北方戦争(1700~21)に巻き込まれ、また七年戦争(1756~63)でオーストリア側について大打撃を被った。1806年にはナポレオンにくみしてライン同盟に加入し、ナポレオンから王国を名のることを許されたが、ウィーン会議(1814~15)でその領土のなかば以上をプロイセンに割譲させられた。フランスの七月革命(1830)の影響のもとに暴動が起こり、1831年憲法を発布したが、48年ドイツに起こった三月革命以後は反動的政治に傾いた。プロイセン・オーストリア戦争ではオーストリア側にたって敗れ、1866年北ドイツ連邦に加盟、以後ドイツ帝国、ワイマール共和国へと引き継がれた。第一次世界大戦後の1919年王制が廃止され、ナチス支配下の33年ドイツ(第三帝国)の一州となった。第二次大戦後はドイツ民主共和国に属して一州を構成した。 [中村賢二郎] [参照項目] |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
>>: Problems that cannot be drawn - Sakuzufunoumondai
Architectural term. The carved shape at the top of...
A singular point in an algebraic curve is a point ...
In Buddhism, this word refers to the sacred texts...
A natural park in the southwest of Tochigi Prefect...
…He volunteered for the Bengal regiment during th...
A British island in the western South Atlantic. It...
…For example, the Encyclopedia, Buffon's Natu...
Abbreviation of "rakuseikanshiki." This...
A city in southern Norway. It is located on the s...
...The regulations in the United States, West Ger...
1859-1944 An educator from the Meiji to early Sho...
...battle between the Indian Nawab of Bengal and ...
...Based on the Zoku Gunsho Ruiju edition (former...
1614-1675 A daimyo in the early Edo period. Born ...
One of China's secret societies, also known as...