Cell division

Japanese: 細胞分裂 - さいぼうぶんれつ
Cell division

This is the phenomenon in which one cell divides into two cells of equal or different size, although in rare cases, many cells may be produced at the same time, as in the cleavage of insect eggs. Usually, nuclear division precedes cytokinesis, and in most cases this nuclear division is mitosis. Mitosis is an important mechanism for the distribution of nuclear contents, especially chromosomes, and is seen in both somatic cell division and meiosis during the formation of gamete cells. Nuclear division in somatic cell division is divided into prophase (chromatin condenses to form chromosomes and the nuclear membrane disappears), prometaphase (chromosomes gather in the center of the cell), metaphase (chromosomes are aligned on the equator), anaphase (chromosomes move to the left and right poles), and telophase (chromosomes return to resting nuclei at both poles). In meiosis, these are preceded by a heterotypic nuclear division, the first division. The period between divisions is called interphase or resting phase, during which intracellular metabolism and polymer synthesis are rather active, and replication of chromosomal material such as DNA occurs. Cytoplasm also usually doubles in size during interphase, but in some cases, such as cleavage, the cell division of a fertilized egg, the cell does not grow and instead the cell shrinks in size through division. In rare cases, the nuclear membrane does not disappear and only chromosome division occurs, doubling the chromosomes but not reaching nuclear division or cytokinesis. This is called intranuclear mitosis, and is the reason why the chromosomes in the salivary glands of dipterans become gigantic, but it can also occur in the cells of animal livers and tracheas, plant calluses, and insect galls. When cells are given colchicine, nuclear division stops at metaphase.

After chromosomes are divided into two nuclei by mitosis, cytokinesis usually occurs. The mechanism of animal cytokinesis has been studied in detail using sea urchin eggs and cultured cells. It was previously thought that the mitotic apparatus in the center of the cell was the driving force behind cell division, but because cell division can occur even when the mitotic apparatus is removed by colchicine or physical force, it is now believed that the cell surface is important. Like actin in muscle contraction, the protein that plays a major role in cytokinesis is called tubulin, which binds to colchicine. Ciliary movement is also known to occur through this tubulin, and cytokinesis and ciliary movement are considered to be the same type of cell movement. Animal cytokinesis results in the separation of two daughter cells, but in plant cells, the cell has a cell wall around it, so the cell's external shape hardly changes, and division is completed when a new cell wall is formed between the two daughter cells.

[Hiroshi Ooka]

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

1個の細胞が二つの同じまたは異なった大きさの細胞に分かれる現象であるが、まれには昆虫卵の表割のように多くの細胞を一時に生じることもある。普通、核分裂が細胞質分裂に先行しておこり、この核分裂はほとんどの場合有糸分裂による。有糸分裂は核内容とくに染色体の分配のために重要な仕組みで、体細胞分裂と、生殖細胞形成時の減数分裂の両方にみられる。体細胞分裂の核分裂は、前期(染色質が凝集して染色体となり核膜が見えなくなる)、前中期(染色体が細胞の中央部に集まってくる)、中期(染色体が赤道面に配列される)、後期(染色体が左右の極に移動する)、終期(両極で染色体が休止核に戻る)に分けられる。減数分裂では、これらに先だって異型核分裂である第1分裂が存在する。分裂から次の分裂までの間を間期または休止期というが、この期間は細胞内の物質代謝や高分子合成はむしろ盛んで、DNAなどの染色体物質の複製はこの時期におこる。また細胞質も普通は間期に2倍の大きさになるが、受精卵の細胞分裂である卵割のように、細胞が成長せず、分裂によって細胞の大きさが小さくなっていく場合もある。まれには核膜が消失せず、染色体の分裂のみがおこり、染色体が倍加するが核分裂、細胞質分裂に至らないことがあり、これを核内有糸分裂といい、双翅(そうし)類の唾腺(だせん)染色体が巨大化するのはこの現象によるが、そのほか動物の肝臓や気管、植物のカルス、虫こぶなどの細胞でおこることがある。細胞にコルヒチンを与えると、核分裂は中期で停止する。

 有糸分裂によって染色体が二つの核に分けられたのちに、通常、細胞質分裂がおこる。動物の細胞質分裂の機構はウニの卵や培養細胞などを用いて詳しく研究されている。以前は細胞中央部にある分裂装置が分裂の原動力となっていると考えられていたが、コルヒチンや物理的な力によって分裂装置を除いても分裂がおこることなどから、現在では細胞表層が重要であると考えられている。筋収縮におけるアクチンと同じように、細胞質分裂で主要な役目を果たすタンパク質はチューブリンと名づけられており、コルヒチンと結合性がある。繊毛運動もこのチューブリンによっておこることが知られており、細胞質分裂と繊毛運動とは同じ種類の細胞運動であると考えられる。動物の細胞質分裂は二つの娘(じょう)細胞がちぎれるようになるが、植物細胞では周囲に細胞壁があるので細胞の外形はほとんど変わらず、二つの娘細胞の間に新しい細胞壁がつくられることによって分裂が完了する。

[大岡 宏]

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

<<:  Cell wall

>>:  Cell Fractionation Method - Cybobunkakuho

Recommend

Operator - Unkougyousha

Shipping management can be broadly divided into (1...

Gakubiwa

A biwa used for gagaku music. Its correct name is...

Steel-framed building

A structure in which the main framework is formed ...

Roebling, John Augustus

Born June 12, 1806 in Mühlhausen, Prussia [Died] J...

The Great Mystery

... In 1935, he was granted citizenship as a Germ...

Asia Minor

A peninsula that constitutes the Asian territory ...

Band spectrum

…When an electronic state is excited, vibrational...

conte populaire (English spelling) conte populaire

… If myths are stories about gods, then folk tale...

Suspension bridge - Suspension bridge

A bridge with girders suspended from cables stretc...

Ficus benjamina (English spelling) Ficus benjamina

… [Takabayashi Masatoshi]. … *Some of the termino...

Donation - Kifukoi

In everyday language, it means the act of making ...

Streaming potential

This is the potential difference that occurs alon...

Covering - Carrying

Also called kazuki or kinukazuki. From the Heian p...

Baghdad (English spelling)

The capital of Iraq. Located in the center of the...

Chalicodoma

...The leaf pieces are cut into two types, oval a...