A ship that breaks ice that has built up on the surface of the water to open a route. Many ocean-going icebreakers are not only used to open a route, but also for oceanographic research, support of polar bases, rescue in icy waters, etc. There are two methods of icebreaking: continuous icebreaking, where thin ice is broken while proceeding, and slamming icebreaking, where the ship accelerates and repeatedly crashes into thick ice to break through. With slamming icebreaking, it is more efficient to run the ship onto the ice and use its weight, rather than using collision force alone to break the ice. For this reason, recent icebreakers have a more horizontal slope at the bottom of the bow to make it easier to run onto the ice, and the cross section has been designed to improve icebreaking capabilities. To prevent broken ice from damaging the propeller, the cross section is made bowl-shaped to make it easier for the ice to float up, and the hull is shaped to move the ice that has flowed to the stern away from the propeller as much as possible. Another distinctive feature of icebreakers is that the stern end of the hull has a horn-shaped protrusion hanging down behind the rudder to prevent ice from hitting the rudder when reversing to accelerate. The hull structure is particularly strong, and uses far more steel than an ordinary ship. In particular, the parts near the waterline that are often hit by ice are surrounded by an ice belt, which is an ice belt made of thicker outer plates. Most icebreakers are electric propulsion systems that generate electricity using a diesel or turbine main engine and drive a propeller with an electric motor. Electric propulsion systems, which allow easy control of thrust, are convenient for icebreakers that break slamming ice or that frequently move forward and backward on zigzagging routes through the ice. Many icebreakers are built in Russia and Canada, which have long coastlines that lead to ice-covered seas. In 1959, during the Soviet era, Russia built the world's first nuclear icebreaker, the Lenin (15,740 tons, 44,000 horsepower), and in 1975 completed the second ship, the Arktika (19,300 tons, 75,000 horsepower), adding the same type of ship, the Sibery, in 1977. Since then, it has launched many icebreakers, including the Rossiya (1985), Sevmolput (1988), and Soviet Soyuz (1989). Even after becoming Russia, it has built the Yamal (1992), 50-Lyut Pobedy (2007), and currently has many nuclear icebreakers. In 1956, the Japan Coast Guard's Soya (2,497 gross tons) was commissioned on the first Antarctic survey mission since the end of the Second World War. Soya was a heavily modified lighthouse supply ship completed in 1938, and was engaged in six Antarctic voyages, including preliminary surveys, until 1962. It is currently moored and preserved at the Museum of Ship Science in Tokyo. The Defense Agency's (now the Ministry of Defense) Fuji (normal displacement 7,760 tons, continuous icebreaking capacity 0.8 meters, completed in 1965), which took over from Soya, completed 18 Antarctic voyages from the seventh in 1965 to the 24th in 1982, when the Defense Agency was put in charge of Antarctic surveys after they were resumed, and then handed over its missions to the Defense Agency's new icebreaker Shirase. Fuji is currently preserved at the Nagoya Maritime Museum. The Shirase had a displacement of 11,600 tons, an overall length of 134 meters, 30,000 horsepower diesel-electric propulsion, a maximum speed of 19 knots, and a continuous icebreaking capacity of 1.5 meters, making it one of the largest icebreakers in the world excluding nuclear icebreakers. [Morita Tomoharu] The Shirase conducted 25 Antarctic voyages, from the 25th Antarctic observation in 1983 to the 49th in 2007, before being decommissioned. A replacement Antarctic observation vessel was completed in 2009. It was named "Shirase" after its predecessor, and has a displacement of 12,500 tons, an overall length of 138 meters, a diesel-electric propulsion of 30,000 horsepower, a cruising speed of 15 knots, and a continuous icebreaking capability of 1.5 meters. [Editorial Department] [Reference items] | | |©Shogakukan "> How icebreakers break ice The first Shirase was built in 1982. A successor ship of the same name has been in service since 2009. ©Shogakukan "> Antarctic research vessel "Shirase" Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
水面に張り詰めた氷を割って航路を開く船。外洋砕氷船では単に航路を開くだけでなく、海洋観測、極地基地などの支援、氷海での救難などを目的とする船が多い。砕氷方法には、薄い氷を進航しながら割ってゆく連続砕氷と、船を加速しながら厚い氷に衝突して突き進む操作を反復するスラミング砕氷がある。スラミング砕氷では、衝突力だけで氷を割るより、氷の上に船体を乗り上げて重量も利用するほうが効率的である。そこで、最近の砕氷船は、乗り上げやすいように船首下部の傾斜をより水平に近づけ、断面も砕氷能力を向上させる形状がくふうされている。割れた氷片でプロペラが傷つかないように、断面形状にお椀(わん)形の丸みをつけて氷が浮き上がりやすくし、船尾まで流れた氷がなるべくプロペラから離れてゆく船体形状をとっている。また、加速のために後進する場合に氷が舵(かじ)に当たるのを防ぐため、船尾端部の船体が舵の後方に垂れ下がった角状(つのじょう)突起があるのも砕氷船の特徴の一つである。船体の構造はとくに強固で、普通の船よりはるかに鋼材の使用量が多い。ことに、喫水線近くの氷がよく当たる部分は、外板の厚さを増した耐氷帯ice beltが船体を取り巻いている。推進装置はほとんどが、ディーゼルまたはタービンの主機関で発電し、電気モーターでプロペラを駆動する電気推進方式である。スラミング砕氷や氷の間のジグザグした航路で頻繁に前進・後進を繰り返す砕氷船には、推力の制御が簡単にできる電気推進式が便利なためである。 砕氷船は、氷海につながる海岸線が長いロシア、カナダで多く建造されている。ロシアはソ連時代の1959年、世界最初の原子力砕氷船レーニン号(1万5740排水トン、4万4000馬力)を建造し、1975年には第二船アルクチカ号(1万9300排水トン、7万5000馬力)を完成、1977年には同型のシベリー号を加えた。その後ロシア号(1985)、セブモルプーチ号(1988)、ソビエト・ソユーズ号(1989)など多くの砕氷船を進水させた。ロシアとなってからもヤマル号(1992)、50リュート・ポベードゥイ号(2007)などを建造、現在ロシアは多くの原子力砕氷船を保有している。 日本では1956年(昭和31)、海上保安庁の宗谷(そうや)(2497総トン)が第二次世界大戦後初の南極観測業務に就航した。宗谷は1938年(昭和13)完成の灯台補給船に大改造を加えたもので、1962年まで予備観測とも6回の南極航海に従事し、現在は東京都の船の科学館に係留、保存されている。宗谷の任務を引き継いだ防衛庁(現、防衛省)のふじ(常備排水量7760トン、連続砕氷能力0.8メートル、1965年完成)は、南極観測が再開されて防衛庁が担当するようになった1965年の第七次から1982年の第二十四次まで18回の南極航海を終え、防衛庁の新鋭砕氷艦しらせに任務を譲った。現在、ふじは名古屋海洋博物館に保存されている。しらせは排水量1万1600トン、全長134メートル、ディーゼル電気推進3万馬力、最大速力19ノットで、1.5メートルの連続砕氷能力をもち、原子力砕氷船を除けば世界でも大型の砕氷船であった。 [森田知治] しらせは1983年の第二十五次南極観測から2007年(平成19)の第四十九次まで、25回の南極航海を行い、退役した。代替の南極観測船は2009年に竣工。前任船の名称を受け継いで船名は「しらせ」で、排水量1万2500トン、全長138メートル、ディーゼル電気推進3万馬力、巡航速力15ノット、1.5メートルの連続砕氷の能力をもつ。 [編集部] [参照項目] | | |©Shogakukan"> 砕氷船の砕氷方法 1982年(昭和57)に建造された「しらせ」(初代)。2009年(平成21)からは同名の後継艦が就役している©Shogakukan"> 南極観測船「しらせ」 出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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