Saiga Rebellion - Saikaiikki

A regional association during the Sengoku period. It is made up of five districts (districts were also called groups, karami, and kusari) - Saika-sho, Jika-go, Nakago, Miyago, and Nango - and covers most of Wakayama City and Kainan City. Its members included Shinto priests and followers of the Jodo sect, and it is not considered to be an organization of followers of Honganji Temple as has traditionally been believed. It was first seen in 1542 (Tenbun 11) in the army of Shugo Hatakeyama Tanenaga, who marched into Kawachi, and it continued to function as a military force of the Hatakeyama clan thereafter. From documents such as a pledge exchanged in 1562 (Eiroku 5) with the Yukawa clan, who had been servants of the Muromachi Shogunate for generations and were based in Gobo City, it is clear that they had formed an uprising with the Yukawa clan since 1534 (Tenbun 3), called themselves "Sokoku" and supported the guardian Hatakeyama clan. There were many followers of Hongan-ji Temple in the area, and after Hatakeyama Akitaka was killed by the deputy guardian Yusa in 1573 (Tensho 1), the area split into those who supported Oda Nobunaga (Nakago, Miyago, Nango) and those who supported the Hongan-ji Temple against Nobunaga (Saika-sho, Toka-go). In 1577 (Tensho 5), they were attacked by Nobunaga's army and surrendered, but continued to act as the main force supporting Hongan-ji Temple until 1580, when the clan retreated from Ishiyama Castle. In particular, Suzuki (Saika) Magoichi and his musketeers were famous, and the missionary Luis Frois wrote that "in military terms, they were in no way inferior to Negoro on land and sea, and their bravery on the battlefield earned them the title of daimyo in Japan." After that year, they allied with Chosokabe Motochika, and in 1584 (Tensho 12), during the Battle of Komaki and Nagakute, they attacked Hideyoshi Hashiba from behind, which led to an attack on Kishu the following year, and they barricaded themselves in Ota Castle (Wakayama City), but were waterboarded and forced to surrender, and the rebellion was dissolved.

[Haruo Ishida]

"Tanishita Kazumu, 'Revised Studies on the History of Shin Buddhism' (1977, Dohosha Publishing)" ▽ "Minegishi Sumio, editor, 'The Stage of Japanese History 6: The East Where War Clouds Flow' (1982, Shueisha)"

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

戦国期の地域的な結合体。雑賀荘(しょう)・十ヶ郷(じっかごう)・中郷(なかごう)・宮郷(みやごう)・南郷(なんごう)の5郷（郷は組・緘(からみ)・クサリともいわれた）から構成され、その範囲は和歌山市・海南市の大部分を占める。構成員には神官・浄土宗徒もおり、従来いわれてきたような本願寺(ほんがんじ)の門徒組織とは考えられない。1542年（天文11）に河内(かわち)に進発する守護畠山稙長(はたけやまたねなが)の軍勢中にあるのが初見で、以後も畠山氏の軍勢として活動している。1562年（永禄5）に、代々室町幕府奉公衆で御坊(ごぼう)市に本拠を置く湯河(ゆかわ)氏と取り交わした起請文(きしょうもん)などから、1534年（天文3）以降同氏と一揆を結び、「惣国(そうこく)」と称し、守護畠山氏を推戴(すいたい)していたことがわかる。当地には本願寺門徒も多く、守護代遊佐(ゆさ)氏に畠山昭高(あきたか)が殺された1573年（天正1）以後、織田信長方（中郷・宮郷・南郷）と反信長方の本願寺に結ぶ勢力（雑賀荘・十ヶ郷）とに分裂し、77年（天正5）信長軍による攻撃を受け、いったんは降伏するが、80年の石山退城まで本願寺を支える主力部隊として活動した。とくに鈴木（雑賀）孫一(まごいち)と鉄砲衆は著名で、宣教師ルイス・フロイスは「軍事に於(おい)ては海陸共に少しも根来(ねごろ)に劣らぬ事で、其(そ)の戦場に於(お)ける武勇によって日本に大名(たいめい)を得た」と記している。同年以後は長宗我部元親(ちょうそがべもとちか)と結び、1584年（天正12）の小牧(こまき)・長久手(ながくて)の戦いの際には、羽柴秀吉(はしばひでよし)の背後を攻撃したため、翌年紀州攻めにあい、太田(おおた)城（和歌山市）に立てこもるが水責めにされ、降伏し、一揆は解体された。

［石田晴男］

『谷下一夢著『増補　真宗史の諸研究』（1977・同朋舎出版）』▽『峰岸純夫編『日本史の舞台6　戦雲流れる西ひがし』（1982・集英社）』

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