Cortés, Hernán (Hernando)

Japanese: コルテス（英語表記）Cortés， Hernán(Hernando)

Born: 1485. Medellin, Extremadura
[Died] December 2, 1547, near Seville Castilleja de la Cuesta Spanish explorer and conqueror of Mexico. Born into a family of minor nobility, he studied law at the University of Salamanca, then traveled to Hispaniola in 1504, and in 1511 he participated in D. Velázquez de Cuellar's expedition to Cuba, where he was appointed mayor of the then capital, Santiago. In February 1519, he was ordered by Velázquez de Cuellar to lead over 500 soldiers to Mexico, and landed in Tabasco in March. He continued his voyage, founded the city of Veracruz, and became its governor. In November, he arrived at Tenochtitlan, the capital of the Aztec Empire, and upon learning of the Aztec Empire's enormous wealth, he decided to invade the empire, taking King Montezuma II prisoner. In June 1820, Cortes barely escaped the capital after a counterattack by the Aztecs (→Sad Night), but reoccupied it in August 1821. Together with his subordinates, he gained control of vast lands and many Indians, laying the foundations for the Spanish colony. However, the Spanish royal family saw his enormous wealth and power as a threat, and in 1826 he was stripped of his governing power. After returning to Spain in 1828, Cortes appealed to King Charles I (Holy Roman Emperor Charles V) and seemed to be successful for a time, but he eventually lost all political power with the establishment of the viceroyalty in 1835. During this time, he sent expeditions to Guatemala, the California Peninsula, and other places. After his return to Spain in 1840, he was treated coldly by the king, and died in despair.

Cortez
Cortes

A status-based assembly in the kingdoms of Spain and Portugal before the modern era. In modern Spain, it refers to the National Assembly. The Cortes originally meant "royal court." At first it was a meeting of feudal vassals, but in the late 13th century it became a status-based assembly with the addition of nobles, clergy, and city representatives. Leon held the Cortes in 1188, Castile in 1250, Portugal in 1254, Aragon in 1274, and Catalonia in 1283. It is believed that the establishment of the Cortes was promoted by the fact that during the Reconquest movement, the king relied on the cities for military support for war expenses and military power, and needed the support of the citizens to counter the feudal nobility. Its heyday was in the 14th and 15th centuries. After that, the city representatives became linked to the power of the king and became isolated from the masses, and the Cortes declined. In the 19th century, the Cortes was held as a citizens' assembly.

Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information

Japanese:

[生]1485. エストレマドラ，メデリン
[没]1547.12.2. セビリア付近カスティリェハデラクエスタ
スペインの探検家，メキシコ征服者。下級貴族の家に生れ，サラマンカ大学で法律を学んだのち，1504年ヒスパニオラ島へ渡り，11年 D.ベラスケス・デ・クエリャルのキューバ遠征に参加し，当時の首都サンチャゴの市長に任命された。 19年2月ベラスケス・デ・クエリャルの命令で五百余の兵を率いてメキシコへ向い，3月タバスコに上陸。さらに航海を続け，都市ベラクルスを建設，その地の総督となった。 11月アステカ帝国の首都テノチティトランへ到着，アステカ帝国の巨大な富を知り，帝国の侵略を決意，王モンテスマ2世を捕虜とした。 20年6月アステカ族の反撃を受けてかろうじて首都を脱出 (→悲しき夜 ) ，翌 21年8月に再占領，部下とともに広大な土地と多数のインディオを支配下におき，スペイン植民地の基礎を築いた。しかし，その巨大な富と権力をスペイン王室に危険視されて，26年統治権を奪われた。 28年帰国したコルテスは国王カルロス1世 (神聖ローマ皇帝カルル5世 ) に訴え，一時成功したようにみえたが，結局 35年副王制の確立によって完全に政治権力を失った。この間グアテマラやカリフォルニア半島などへ遠征隊を送った。 40年スペイン帰国後も国王に冷遇され，失意のうちに死んだ。

コルテス
Cortes

近代以前におけるスペイン・ポルトガル諸王国の身分制議会。近代のスペインでは国民議会をさす。コルテスとは元来「宮廷」の意味。最初は封建家臣会議であったが，13世紀後半から貴族，聖職者のほか都市代表を加えて身分制議会となった。レオンは 1188年，カスティリアは 1250年，ポルトガルは 54年，アラゴンは 74年，カタルニャは 83年，それぞれコルテスを開催。国土回復運動の過程において，国王は戦費と軍事力の援助を都市に依存し，また封建貴族に対抗する必要上，市民層の支持を必要としたことがコルテスの成立を促進したとみられる。最盛期は 14～15世紀。その後，都市代表は国王の権力と結びつき大衆から遊離してコルテスは衰退。 19世紀に入ると市民による議会としてコルテスが開かれた。

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