A government regulation to reserve a country's cargo for its own ships. It is a shipping policy adopted by developing countries and Eastern European countries to improve non-trade balance by developing and protecting the country's merchant fleet. It was strongly opposed in the UK and European shipping nations, and West Germany, Italy, and France (each in the early 1960s), the four Nordic countries (1967-68), the UK and the US (1974-75), Japan, and the Netherlands (1977) enacted anti-flag discrimination laws. There are two types of anti-flag discrimination: one by a single government and one by bilateral agreement. The former are seen in developing countries in Asia, Africa, and South America, and the latter in Eastern Europe, South America, and Arab countries. The methods of anti-flag discrimination are (1) obligating shippers to ship within their own country or offering preferential treatment, (2) obligating ship operators, and (3) giving preferential berth allocation and discriminatory port charges when there is congestion at the port. The flag discrimination issue could only be resolved when the Charter of Action for Liner Shipping Conferences, adopted at the United Nations European Headquarters in Geneva in 1974, came into force as an international treaty. (→ Shipping ) Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information |
自国貨物を自国船へ留保するための政府による規制措置で,自国商船隊の育成保護によって貿易外収支の改善をはかるため,発展途上国や東ヨーロッパ圏諸国などで採用されている海運政策。イギリス・ヨーロッパ海運国では反対が強く,西ドイツ,イタリア,フランス (それぞれ 1960年代前半) ,北欧4国 (67~68) ,英米 (74~75) ,日本,オランダ (77) などでは国旗差別対抗法を制定している。一国政府によるものと2国間の協定によるものとがあり,前者はアジア,アフリカ,南アメリカなどの発展途上国で,後者は東ヨーロッパ,南アメリカ,アラブ諸国にみられる。その方法は,(1) 荷主に対して自国船積みを義務づけたり,優遇措置を講じたりするもの,(2) 船舶運航業者に義務づけるもの,(3) 港に船混みがある場合,バースの優先割当て,港湾料金の差別をするものなど,がある。国旗差別問題の解決は,1974年ジュネーブの国連ヨーロッパ本部で採択された定期船同盟行動憲章が国際条約として正式に発効するのをまって初めて可能となった。 (→海運 )
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