Arakcheev, Aleksei Andreevich

Japanese: アラクチェーエフ（英語表記）Arakcheev， Aleksei Andreevich

Born: October 4, 1769, Novgorod
Died: May 3, 1834. Gruzino. Russian soldier and politician. After serving as an artillery officer, he was promoted to commander of the St. Petersburg Army in 1796. He reformed the military system under Emperor Paul I, but his harshness led to his subordinates abandoning him, and he was twice fired from his job. He was recalled by Emperor Alexander I in 1803, and appointed Minister of War in 1808 and Chairman of the Military Department of the State Council in 1810. After the victory in the "Patriotic War" against Napoleon's invasion, Alexander I turned to reaction in the face of the "crisis of serfdom," and in the latter half of his reign, Arakcheev, as a fanatical defender of the monarchy, seized full power in national affairs and established the "Arakcheev Regime," which expanded the military apparatus to all administrative departments. "Arakcheevshchina," a term hated by contemporaries as an indication of the harshness of autocracy and the crude military temperament, was particularly famous for the garrison militia system that was introduced in 16. This imposed new burdens on peasants and soldiers, and garrison militia rebellions broke out all over the country. In this climate, intellectuals who had initially placed their hopes in Alexander I's reforms became disillusioned and gradually became more radical, encouraging the Decembrist rebellion. Although he left key government positions with the accession of Nicholas I in 1825, the police and military systems he had established remained firmly rooted in autocracy.

Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information

Japanese:

[生]1769.10.4. ノブゴロド
[没]1834.5.3. グルジノ
ロシアの軍人，政治家。陸軍砲兵将校を経て，1796年ペテルブルグ軍司令官に累進し，皇帝パーベル1世のもとで軍制改革を行なったが，その過酷さのゆえに部下の離反を招き，2度も職を奪われた。 1803年皇帝アレクサンドル1世に呼戻され，08年陸相，10年国家評議会軍事部議長に任命された。ナポレオンの侵略に対する「祖国戦争」での勝利ののち，「農奴制の危機」に直面して反動に転じたアレクサンドル1世の治世の後半，狂信的な君主制擁護者として国政の全権を掌握，軍事機構を全行政部門に拡大する「アラクチェーエフ体制」を確立した。専制の過酷さと粗野な軍人気質を示す言葉として同時代人に憎悪された「アラクチェーエフシチナ」のなかで，特に有名なものは，16年から採用された屯田兵制度である。これは農民と兵士に新たな負担を課すことにほかならず，各地で屯田兵の反乱が続発した。このような情勢のなかで初めはアレクサンドル1世の改革に期待をよせた知識人も幻滅を感じて次第に急進化し，デカブリストの反乱を促すことになった。 25年ニコライ1世の即位とともに政府の要職から離れたが，彼の確立した警察・軍事機構は専制のなかにしっかりと根をおろした。

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