Generally, the worship of political leaders is seen in countries with less developed democracies, but the political term personality cult was used in socialist countries to refer to the trend of viewing political leaders as heroes. It became widely used after Khrushchev used it to criticize Stalin at the 20th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union in 1956. Khrushchev's criticism of Stalin was not directed at the collusion between the party and the state under Stalin's rule, or the problems of intra-party democracy and bureaucracy, but was directed solely at destroying the myths surrounding Stalin as an individual and exposing his violent personality. He also attributed the Great Purge to the widespread personality cult within the party and state. The trend of personality cult of Stalin was publicly spread after Stalin's 50th birthday (1929), but its seeds were already visible in Stalin's attitude at Lenin's funeral. The personality cult of political leaders was not limited to the Soviet Union, but also appeared in the international communist movement and postwar socialist countries through Comintern. This also applied to Mao Zedong in China, Trieze in the French Communist Party, and Kim Il-sung in North Korea, and the personality cult during the Brezhnev era in the Soviet Communist Party surpassed that of Stalin. [Tetsuro Kato] Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
一般に政治指導者に対する崇拝は民主主義の遅れた諸国にみられるが、個人崇拝という政治用語は、社会主義諸国で政治指導者を英雄視する風潮をさして用いられた。1956年のソ連共産党第20回大会で、フルシチョフがスターリンを批判する際に用いて以来、広く使われるようになった。フルシチョフのスターリン批判は、スターリン統治下の党と国家の癒着、党内民主主義や官僚制の問題などには向けられず、もっぱらスターリン個人にまつわる神話の破壊と粗暴な人格の暴露にあてられ、大粛清の原因も、党と国家内での個人崇拝の蔓延(まんえん)に求められた。スターリン個人崇拝の風潮はスターリン50歳の誕生日(1929)以来公的に広められたが、その萌芽(ほうが)はすでにレーニン葬儀の際のスターリンの態度に現れていた。政治指導者への個人崇拝は、ソ連に限らず、コミンテルンを通じて国際共産主義運動と戦後の社会主義諸国にも現れた。中国での毛沢東(もうたくとう/マオツォートン)、フランス共産党におけるトレーズ、北朝鮮の金日成(きんにっせい/キムイルソン)などについても当てはまり、ソ連共産党でのブレジネフ時代の個人崇拝はスターリンをしのぐものであった。 [加藤哲郎] 出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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