Spirits reside in grains such as rice, wheat, and corn. Many agricultural peoples see the grains that sprout, grow, bear fruit, and wither in the same way every year as the human life. They believe that just as humans have souls, grains also have souls, and that by protecting and worshiping the grain spirits, they can obtain a good harvest. In the ancient book "The Golden Bough," Frazer collected examples of grain spirit beliefs from all over the world. The idea of the rice spirit is widespread in rice-growing areas of Southeast Asia, and there are many legends about the rice spirits escaping. The Lamet people of southern China say that if the rice spirit escapes, the granary will become empty and famine will occur. The Kayan people of Borneo also take care to prevent the rice spirits from escaping during storage, and when harvesting, putting the rice into a warehouse, or taking it out of the warehouse to eat, they chant spells and perform rituals to ask for forgiveness and appease the grain spirits. The Karen people of Burma believe that poor rice growth is due to the rice spirit being away from the fields, and perform rituals to call back the rice spirit when this occurs. The Dayak people of Borneo also pray to the rice spirit for good growth and a good harvest. In many parts of Southeast Asia, people are careful not to shout or behave badly in the fields so as not to frighten the rice spirit, and often equate flowering rice with a pregnant woman and treat her with respect. Grain spirits are often personified. Even in rice-growing regions, for example the Minangkabau people of Sumatra have the concept of a rice mother, but in most regions of Europe the belief in a corn mother is seen, and at harvest time the last sheaf is called the wheat mother, grandmother, daughter, etc., and this is tied together to make a doll, decorated with flowers, ribbons, and fabric. In Europe it is believed that the grain spirit resides in the last sheaf. Many grain spirits are deified, such as the Greek god Demeter and the Roman god Ceres. The same can be said of the grain mother goddess Chumecoatl and the young corn goddess Silonen in the Aztec culture of Mexico. Generally, grain gods are often female, but in the ancient Orient the male grain god was often paired with a goddess who was his mother or wife. Examples include Tammuz and Ishtar in Babylonia, and Osiris and Isis in Egypt, and are accompanied by myths and rituals in which a male god (grain god) dies and is resurrected by the power of a goddess. They represent grains that die and are reborn every year with each season. There are also many cases in which the grain spirit is associated with an animal. In Europe, goats, pigs, cows, horses, etc. are hidden in the last sheaf, and these are said to be incarnations of the grain spirit. [Itabashi Masami] "The Golden Bough" by Fraser, translated by Takusuke Nagahashi (Iwanami Bunko) Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
稲、麦、トウモロコシなどの穀類に宿る霊魂。農耕民の多くが、毎年同じように芽を出し、成長し、実り、枯れる穀物に人間の一生を重ね合わせ、人間に魂があるように穀物にも魂があると考え、そして穀霊を保護し、祀(まつ)ることによって豊作が得られると信じている。穀霊信仰については、古くフレーザーが『金枝篇(きんしへん)』のなかで世界各地の事例を集めている。東南アジアの稲作地帯には稲魂(いなだま)の観念が広くみられ、また稲魂の逃亡に関する伝承が多い。中国南部のラメット人では、稲魂が逃亡すると穀倉は空になって飢饉(ききん)になるといわれている。ボルネオ島のカヤン人も、貯蔵中に稲魂が外へ逃げないよう注意し、また刈り入れのとき、倉庫に入れるとき、食べるために倉から出すとき、穀霊に許しを請い慰撫(いぶ)する呪文(じゅもん)を唱えたり儀礼を行う。ビルマのカレン人は、稲の生育不良は稲魂が田から離れているためと考え、そのようなときには稲魂を呼び戻す儀礼をする。ボルネオのダヤク人も、稲の順調な生育と豊作を稲の霊に祈る。東南アジアの多くの地域で、稲魂を驚かさないように、田畑で大声を出したり不作法をしないように注意し、しばしば開花期の稲を妊婦と同一視し、丁重に扱う。 穀霊はしばしば擬人化される。稲作地帯でも、たとえばスマトラのミナンカバウ人などに稲の母の観念があるが、ヨーロッパではほとんどの地域に穀物の母(コーン・マザー)の信仰がみられ、収穫の際、最後の一束を、麦の母、おばあさん、娘などとよび、これを束ねて人形をつくり、花やリボンや布地で飾る。ヨーロッパでは最後の一束に穀霊が宿ると考えられている。ギリシアのデメテル神、ローマのケレス神のように神格化された穀霊も多い。メキシコのアステカ文化における穀母神チュメコアトルや若いトウモロコシの女神シローネンも同じである。一般に穀神は女性であることが多いが、古代オリエントではしばしば男神である穀神と、その母または妻の女神が対(つい)になっている。バビロニアのタムムズとイシュタル、エジプトのオシリスとイシスがその例で、男神(穀神)は死に、女神の力によって復活する神話と儀礼を伴っている。毎年季節ごとに死に再生する穀物を表している。穀霊が動物と結び付けられる例も多い。ヨーロッパでは最後の一束にはヤギ、ブタ、ウシ、ウマなどが隠れていて、これらは穀霊の化身であるといわれている。 [板橋作美] 『フレイザー著、永橋卓介訳『金枝篇』(岩波文庫)』 出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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