Black powder

Japanese: 黒色火薬 - こくしょくかやく(英語表記)black powder
Black powder

A three-component gunpowder mixture consisting of potassium nitrate (saltpeter), charcoal, and sulfur.

It is the oldest type of explosive, and it is said that the original form of black powder was invented in China by Sun Simiao in the 7th century. In 1242, the English monk, philosopher, and scientist Roger Bacon recorded the composition of black powder ( Desecretis and Opus Tertium ). For a long time until the invention of dynamite and smokeless powder in the second half of the 19th century, it was used almost exclusively as an blasting agent and propellant.

Charcoal and sulfur are mixed and ground in a ball mill (Nimi mixing). Saltpeter is then added and mixed and ground in a safe mixer. After several processing steps, black powder gunpowder, black mine gunpowder, black hunting gunpowder, black pellet gunpowder, etc. are produced.

Black powder is used as the core charge (the substance placed in the center of a fuse or detonation cord that propagates combustion or detonation) of fuses and fast-firing cords, while black mine powder is used in cutting large blocks of stone at quarries. In this case, no detonator is required, as black powder deflagrates when ignited by the fuse. Black hunting powder was used for shotgun shells, but it has been replaced by smokeless powder for this purpose due to its high maximum pressure, smoke, fouling of the gun barrel, and hygroscopicity. Black pellet powder is used for setting off fireworks and as a pilot light. The lifting charge used to set off fireworks needs to burn at low pressure, and black pellet powder has this property.

[Tadao Yoshida and Shingo Date]

[References] | Gunpowder | Sun Simiao | Smokeless gunpowder
Types and properties of black powder
©Shogakukan ">

Types and properties of black powder


Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

硝酸カリウム(硝石)、木炭および硫黄(いおう)からなる3成分混合火薬。

 火薬類のなかでもっとも古くから使われてきたもので、7世紀にすでに中国で孫思邈(そんしばく)によって黒色火薬の原形が発明されたといわれる。1242年にはイギリスの僧侶(そうりょ)であり哲学者、科学者のロジャー・ベーコンが黒色火薬の組成を記録(『Desecretis』および『Opus Tertium』)している。19世紀後半におけるダイナマイトおよび無煙火薬の発明に至るまでの長い間、ほとんど唯一の爆破薬や発射薬として用いられた。

 木炭と硫黄をボールミルで混合・磨砕する(二味(にみ)混和)。ついで硝石を加えて、安全を配慮した混合機で混合・磨砕する。その後いくつかの処理を行って、黒色粉火薬、黒色鉱山火薬、猟用黒色火薬、黒色小粒火薬などをつくる。

 黒色粉火薬は導火線や速火線の心薬(導火線または導爆線の中央に配置され、燃焼または爆轟(ばくごう)を伝播(でんぱ)する物質)として、黒色鉱山火薬は石切り場などでの大型石材の切出しに用いられる。この場合、黒色火薬は導火線による点火で爆燃するので雷管は不要である。猟用黒色火薬は散弾銃用装弾に用いられていたが、最大圧が高い、煙が出る、銃身が汚れる、吸湿性があるなどの理由のために、この用途では無煙火薬にとってかわられた。黒色小粒火薬は煙火(花火)の打上げや口火などに用いられている。煙火の打上げに使う揚薬(あげやく)は低圧力でも燃える必要があり、黒色小粒火薬はこの性質を備えている。

[吉田忠雄・伊達新吾]

[参照項目] | 火薬 | 孫思邈 | 無煙火薬
黒色火薬の種類と性状
©Shogakukan">

黒色火薬の種類と性状


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