Review - Koori

Japanese: 評 - こおり

The name of a local administrative unit in Japan in the late 7th century. In the ancient Yamato state, the kuni no miyatsuko system was used as an administrative unit, but a few years after the Taika Reforms, which are said to have been carried out in 645, the territory that had been under the control of the old kuni no miyatsuko was divided to create a new administrative unit called hyo. The official was called hyo no miyatsuko (Hyo governor/Assistant governor), and was responsible for controlling the peasants, including collecting taxes. In the Taiho Code enacted in 701 (the 1st year of the Taiho era), hyo was changed to gun, and hyo no miyatsuko to gunji. It is thought that hyo had a stronger military character than gun. There had been a long-running "gun and hyo" debate over the timing of the change from hyo to gun, but the investigation of wooden tablets discovered one after another revealed that those made before 701 used "hyo" and those made after that used "gun," so the issue was resolved at once. The word "hyo" was also used in ancient Korea to indicate the area where the military camp was located.

Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information

Japanese:

7世紀後半の日本の地方行政単位の名称。古代大和国家では，行政単位として国造制がとられていたが，645年に行なわれたとされる大化改新の数年後，旧来の国造が支配していた領域を分割して，新たに評という行政単位を設けた。その役人を評造 (こおりのみやつこ。評督・助督) といい，徴税などの農民支配に当たった。 701 (大宝1) 年に成立した大宝令により，評は郡に，評造は郡司と改められた。評は郡よりも軍事的性格が強かったと考えられる。なお，評から郡への変更時期をめぐって，長く「郡評論争」が行なわれてきたが，相次いで発見された木簡調査の結果，701年以前のものが「評」を使い，それ以後のものが「郡」を使っているところから，一挙に解決を見た。なお，古代朝鮮でも軍営の置かれた地区を示す語として「評」の語が使われていた。

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