A current whose magnitude and direction change periodically over time. It is an abbreviation for alternating current. It is often abbreviated as AC. In the case of voltage, it is called alternating current voltage (ac voltage). Sometimes it is called alternating current without distinguishing between voltage and current. A typical alternating current has a sine waveform as shown in , which is called sine-wave alternating current. Alternating current that is not a sine wave, such as that shown in , is called distorted wave alternating current. In I m is called the maximum value. In the case of distorted wave alternating current, the positive maximum value and the negative maximum value are generally not equal. Since alternating currents with different waveforms do not have the same effect even if their maximum values are the same, the amount of alternating current, both voltage and current, is expressed as an effective value. When an AC with an effective value of 1 ampere flows through the same resistance, the amount of heat generated from the resistance is the same as when an AC with an effective value of 1 ampere flows through the same resistance as when a DC current of 1 ampere flows through the same resistance.Sine wave AC is widely used in electrical applications such as power, electronics, and communications. This is because sine wave AC is suitable for generating and converting electricity. The frequency of AC for power is often 50 or 60 Hz (sometimes called commercial frequency). Frequencies used in electronics and communications range from extremely low to extremely high frequencies. Generators are mainly used to generate AC for power. Transistors and vacuum tubes are mainly used in electronics and communications, and in these cases they are called oscillators rather than generators. Computers and data communications use distorted AC with a certain width, known as a rectangular wave (square wave, pulse). This is because it is suitable for processing information with fewer errors. The waveform of AC can be observed using an oscilloscope. The phenomenon of AC flowing through an electric circuit is expressed by a differential equation, and its calculations were complicated. Therefore, Steinmetz devised a method for calculating AC using algebraic equations. This calculation method is called AC theory, and it has significantly simplified the calculation of AC circuits, contributing to the development of electrical technology. This method is not limited to calculations of AC circuits, but is now widely used in other fields as well. [Madashi Fuse and Masazumi Yoshizawa] [Reference] | | | | |©Shogakukan "> Sine wave AC current (Figure A) ©Shogakukan "> Distorted wave AC current (Figure B) Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
時間の経過とともに大きさと向きが周期的に変わる電流をいう。交番電流の略。ACと略される場合が多い。電圧の場合は交流電圧ac voltageという。電圧、電流の区別なく、交流ということもある。典型的な交流は のような正弦波形をしており、これを正弦波交流という。正弦波以外の交流、たとえば に示すような波形のものをひずみ波交流という。 においてImを最大値とよぶ。ひずみ波交流の場合は、一般に正の最大値と負の最大値は等しくない。波形の異なる交流は最大値が等しくとも作用は等しくないため、交流の量は電圧、電流とも実効値で表す。同じ抵抗に実効値1アンペアの交流を流した場合と、1アンペアの直流を流した場合とは、抵抗から発生する熱量は等しい。電力、エレクトロニクス、通信のような電気の応用分野では正弦波交流が多く使われている。これは、電気の発生、変換に正弦波交流が適しているためである。電力用の交流の周波数は50ヘルツまたは60ヘルツ(これらを商用周波数ともよぶことがある)が多い。エレクトロニクス、通信分野で使われる周波数は超低周波から超高周波にわたっている。電力用の交流の発生には主として発電機が用いられている。エレクトロニクス、通信分野では主としてトランジスタ、真空管などが用いられており、この場合は発電機ではなく発振器とよんでいる。コンピュータやデータ通信には、一定の幅をもった矩形波(くけいは)(方形波、パルス)とよばれるひずみ波交流が用いられる。これは、情報を誤り少なく処理するのに適しているためである。交流の波形はオシロスコープを用いて観察することができる。 電気回路に交流が流れている現象は微分方程式で表され、その計算は複雑であった。そこで、スタインメッツは代数方程式で交流の計算をする方法を考案した。この計算法は交流理論とよばれており、これによって交流回路の計算が著しく簡便になって電気技術の発展に寄与した。この手法は交流回路の計算に限らず、現在では他の分野でも広く活用されている。 [布施 正・吉澤昌純] [参照項目] | | | | |©Shogakukan"> 正弦波交流電流〔図A〕 ©Shogakukan"> ひずみ波交流電流〔図B〕 出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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