Autumn leaves - Koyo

Japanese: 紅葉 - こうよう
Autumn leaves - Koyo

Generally, it refers to the leaves of a plant turning red in autumn before they fall. Also, when the leaves turn yellow or yellowish brown, it is called koyo (yellow leaves), and together they are called "momiji". This phenomenon is not necessarily only seen during the fall leaf-fall season, but there are three cases: when young leaves turn red temporarily and disappear as the leaves grow, when the leaves remain red throughout their entire growth period, and when they turn red only just before falling in autumn. In all cases, this phenomenon occurs when anthocyanin pigments are formed in the leaves, and the composition of the pigments is simple, and regardless of the type of plant, the majority are cyanidins, and most of these are chrysanthemins with glucose at the third position, with other anthocyanins being found very rarely. Plants whose young leaves turn beautiful red in early spring include Japanese knotweed, wild cherry, nandina, and Japanese photinia, but the red color disappears as the leaves grow. This is because anthocyanins are produced from sugars transferred from the stem in young leaves that do not yet have sufficient chlorophyll production, and it is said that this plays a role in protecting the newly growing young leaves from ultraviolet rays. In fact, the tissues that contain anthocyanins are limited to the epidermis, and as the leaves mature, the anthocyanins break down and disappear, causing the leaves to turn green.

There are few plants whose leaves remain red throughout their entire growth period, including red cabbage, begonia, and red perilla. Many of these plants are variants of normal green species, and just because they are red does not mean that they do not photosynthesize; they carry out normal photosynthesis thanks to the coexisting chlorophyll. The red pigment in the leaves of goosefoot and cockscomb is not due to anthocyanins, but rather to betalain pigments.

Many plants that turn red in autumn, such as Acer palmatum, Hazel, and Eucalyptus, belong to the Sapindaceae (Maple family), Ericaceae, Anacardiaceae, Celastraceae, Rosaceae, and Vitaceae families, and turn vibrant red. In Japan, the climate and topography make for particularly beautiful autumn foliage. For the leaves to turn vibrant red, the environment, including temperature, moisture, and light, is closely related, and there must be a large difference in temperature between day and night, moderate humidity, and strong ultraviolet rays. This is why the leaves turn beautiful near mountain streams in Japan, such as Nikko, Oirase, and Hakone. However, in addition to these conditions, factors such as the formation of a separation layer at the base of the petiole that prevents translocation, the rate of decomposition of chlorophyll, and the sugar content in the leaf also affect the conditions for beautiful autumn foliage, so the conditions for beautiful autumn foliage are not simple. The leaves first turn red in the part of the leaf farthest from the midrib, and eventually cover the entire leaf blade. In addition, in Euonymus orbicularis, anthocyanin is formed only in epidermal cells, but such cases are rare and in most cases it is found only in mesophyll tissue; more than 60% of woody plants have anthocyanin in mesophyll tissue, while in herbaceous plants it is often found in both mesophyll and epidermal cells. The reason why autumn leaves turn brown when they die is due to the mixed pigment phlobaphene. The pigments that give autumn leaves in gymnosperms such as cypress and cedar are carotenoids, and in addition to the yellow pigments lutein and violaxanthin, the pink-pink pigment rhodoxanthin is newly produced.

Plants that turn yellow before the leaves fall in autumn include ginkgo, Japanese elm, poplar, linden, and plane tree. This coloring is caused by carotenoids, and as the leaves age and the chlorophyll contained in the leaves breaks down, the color of the coexisting carotenoids appears, and no new pigments are synthesized. The carotenoids in the yellow leaves are mainly xanthophylls such as lutein and violaxanthin, and carotenes are almost absent. In evergreen trees, when new leaves appear at the end of spring, the old leaves turn yellow and fall, and this is thought to be the same process as the autumn leaves. Plants that turn brown in autumn include zelkova, sawtooth oak, beech, konara oak, and chestnut, and this is because the colorless catechins contained in the leaves are oxidized and polymerized as the leaves age, turning into brown phlobaphenes. The coexistence of yellow carotenoids in the early stages of browning leaves results in a rich and beautiful color.

[Seiichi Yoshida September 17, 2020]

[Reference items] | Anthocyanin | Japanese knotweed | Ginkgo | Maple | Photinia japonica | Tsuribana | Nandina | Euonymus japonica | Yamazakura
Autumn leaves of Japanese maple
It is found from Fukushima Prefecture westward and turns beautiful red in autumn. ©Seishohmaru ">

Autumn leaves of Japanese maple

Ivy leaves
The leaves turn red in autumn, and from late autumn to early winter they bear small, ripe, black, spherical fruits. ©Shogakukan Photo by Hideyuki Asakura ">

Ivy leaves

Rowan leaves in autumn
Due to the beauty of their autumn leaves and ripe red fruits, they are planted in Hokkaido as garden trees and in rows of trees. ©Shogakukan Photo by Fujio Aoyama ">

Rowan leaves in autumn

Euonymus
It grows in mountainous areas and hills, and turns beautiful red in autumn. It is also used as a garden tree and hedge. ©Seishohmaru ">

Euonymus

Autumn leaves of the Hazenoki tree
The leaves grow in clusters near the ends of the branches, and the leaflets are egg-shaped, lanceolate, and sharply pointed. The leaves turn a beautiful red in autumn. The flowering season is from May to June. Also known as wax tree and Ryukyu haze. ©Shogakukan Photo by Masatoshi Hirose ">

Autumn leaves of the Hazenoki tree

Yellow leaves of ginkgo
It is often used as a roadside tree or park tree, and its leaves turn a beautiful yellow in autumn. ©Shogakukan Photo by Hideyuki Asakura ">

Yellow leaves of ginkgo

How autumn leaves change color
©Shogakukan ">

How autumn leaves change color

Setoai Gorge
A gorge upstream of the Kinugawa River, with cliffs up to 100 meters high stretching for about 2 km. It is part of Nikko National Park and is known as a famous spot for viewing autumn leaves. The Setoai Gorge Crossing Suspension Bridge spans the gorge. Nikko City, Tochigi Prefecture © Kinugawa Dam Integrated Management Office ">

Setoai Gorge

Oirase Gorge
It stretches from Nenokuchi on the eastern end of Lake Towada to Yakeyama. The continuous flow of waterfalls and strangely shaped rocks, combined with the surrounding trees that change with the seasons, create a magnificent valley of beauty. Nationally designated special scenic spot Nationally designated natural monument Towada City, Aomori Prefecture © Aomori Prefecture ">

Oirase Gorge


Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

一般的には、植物の葉が秋に、落葉に先だって赤に変わることをいう。また、葉が黄色や黄褐色になることを黄葉(こうよう)というが、これらをあわせて「もみじ」という。この現象はかならずしも秋の落葉の時期にのみみられるものではなく、幼葉が一時的に赤色になり、葉の成長とともに消失する場合、葉の全成長期を通して赤色になる場合、秋の落葉直前にだけ紅色を呈する場合の3通りがある。いずれの場合も、葉の中にアントシアン色素が形成されることによっておこる現象で、色素の組成は単純で、植物の種類に関係なく大部分はシアニジンであり、しかもそのほとんどのものが3位にグルコースがついたクリサンテミンで、他のアントシアニンはごくまれにみいだされる程度である。早春に若葉が美しく紅葉する植物はイタドリ、ヤマザクラ、ナンテン、カナメモチなどであるが、葉の成長とともに紅色は消失する。これは、まだクロロフィルの生成が十分でない若葉の中で、茎から転流してきた糖からアントシアンがつくられるためで、伸び出してきたばかりの若葉を紫外線から保護する役割をしているといわれる。事実、アントシアンを含む組織は表皮に限られており、葉の成熟とともにアントシアンは分解消失して緑化してくる。

 葉の成長の全期間を通じて紅色を呈する植物は少なく、アカキャベツ、ベゴニア、アカジソなどがある。これらの植物は正常の緑色種からの変種が多く、赤色であるからといって光合成が行われないわけではなく、共存するクロロフィルによって正常の光合成を営んでいる。アカザやケイトウの葉の赤い色素はアントシアンではなく、ベタレイン色素によるものである。

 秋に紅葉する植物にはイロハモミジ、ハゼ、コマユミなどのムクロジ科(カエデ科)、ツツジ科、ウルシ科、ニシキギ科、バラ科、ブドウ科などに属する植物が多く、鮮やかな紅葉になる。とくに日本では気候や地形の関係から紅葉が美しい。紅葉が鮮やかに発現するには、温度、水分、光などの環境が密接に関係し、昼夜の寒暖の差が大きいこと、適度の湿度があること、紫外線が強いことなどが必要である。日本でも日光、奥入瀬(おいらせ)、箱根など山間部の渓流の近くで紅葉が美しいのは、そのためである。しかし、これらの条件のほかにも、葉柄の基部に離層が形成されて、転流が妨げられることやクロロフィルの分解速度、葉の中の糖含量などが影響するので、美しい紅葉になる条件は単純ではない。紅葉は、初めは葉の中肋(ちゅうろく)からもっとも離れた部分から始まり、やがて葉身全面に及ぶ。また、ニシキギやツリバナではアントシアンは表皮細胞にだけ形成されるが、このような例はまれで、多くの場合は葉肉組織だけに含まれることが多く、木本植物の60%以上が葉肉組織にみいだされ、草本植物では葉肉細胞と表皮細胞の両方に含まれることが多い。紅葉が枯死するときに褐色になるのは、混在する色素フロバフェンのためである。ヒノキやスギなどの裸子植物の紅葉の色素はカロチノイドで、ルテインやビオラキサンチンの黄色色素に加えて、桃紅色色素のロドキサンチンが新たにつくられてくるためである。

 秋の落葉前に黄葉する植物にはイチョウ、ハルニレ、ポプラ、シナノキ、スズカケノキなどがある。これはカロチノイドによる発色で、葉が老化して葉の中に含まれるクロロフィルが分解するにつれて、共存するカロチノイドの色が現れてくるためで、新しい色素の合成がおこるわけではない。黄葉に含まれるカロチノイドは、ルテインやビオラキサンチンなどのキサントフィル類が主体で、カロチン類はほとんど存在しない。常緑樹では春の終わりに新しい葉が出ると古い葉が黄葉して落葉することがみられるが、この場合も秋の黄葉と同じ過程をとるものと考えられる。秋に葉が褐色となる植物にケヤキ、クヌギ、ブナ、コナラ、クリなどがあるが、これは葉の中に含まれる無色のカテキン類が葉の老化に伴って酸化重合して褐色のフロバフェンに変わったためである。褐葉の初期には黄色のカロチノイドが共存しているために、変化に富んだ美しい色彩になる。

[吉田精一 2020年9月17日]

[参照項目] | アントシアン | イタドリ | イチョウ | イロハモミジ | カナメモチ | ツリバナ | ナンテン | ニシキギ | ヤマザクラ
イロハモミジの紅葉
福島県以西に分布し、秋に美しく紅葉する©Seishohmaru">

イロハモミジの紅葉

ツタの紅葉
秋に紅葉し、晩秋から初冬に黒く熟した小さな球形の果実をつける©Shogakukan 撮影/朝倉秀之">

ツタの紅葉

ナナカマドの紅葉
紅葉と赤熟した果実の美しさから、北海道では庭木や並木などとして植栽される©Shogakukan 撮影/青山富士夫">

ナナカマドの紅葉

ニシキギ
山地や丘陵に生え、秋に美しく紅葉する。庭木、生け垣などにも利用される©Seishohmaru">

ニシキギ

ハゼノキの紅葉
葉は枝先近くに集まってつき、小葉は卵状披針形で鋭くとがる。秋に美しく紅葉する。花期は5~6月。別名ロウノキ、リュウキュウハゼ©Shogakukan 撮影/広瀬雅敏">

ハゼノキの紅葉

イチョウの黄葉
街路樹、公園樹などに多く利用され、秋には美しく黄葉する©Shogakukan 撮影/朝倉秀之">

イチョウの黄葉

紅葉のおこる仕組み
©Shogakukan">

紅葉のおこる仕組み

瀬戸合峡
高さ100mにも及ぶ岸壁が約2km続く鬼怒川上流の峡谷。日光国立公園に含まれ、紅葉の名所として知られる。峡谷には「瀬戸合峡渡らっしゃい吊橋」が架かる。栃木県日光市©鬼怒川ダム統合管理事務所">

瀬戸合峡

奥入瀬渓流
十和田湖東端の子ノ口から焼山まで続く。滝や奇岩が連続する流れは、季節により変化を見せる周囲の木々と相まって、みごとな渓谷美をつくり出す。国指定特別名勝 国指定天然記念物 青森県十和田市©青森県">

奥入瀬渓流


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