A quantitative expression of the degree of satisfaction each consumer receives from the goods he or she consumes. The utility obtained from the same goods is subjective and differs from consumer to consumer. Each consumer's utility depends on the amount of each good consumed, and the relationship between the two, that is, the consumer's preferences, is expressed by a utility function. If this utility function expresses the same preference relationship even when transformed by any monotonically increasing function, then the concept of utility has an order of preferences and is called ordinal utility. Also, if the transformation of a utility function that expresses the same preference relationship is limited and utility can be measured cardinally, this is called cardinal utility. Theories of expressing an individual's satisfaction with a good using utility and of microfounding demand were developed after the marginal revolution, but they had been formulated as a law by H. Gossen and others even before that. Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information |
各消費者が,自己の消費する財から受ける満足の度合いを数量的に表現したもの。同じ財から得られる効用は,消費者ごとに異なる主観的なものである。各消費者の効用は各種の財の消費量に依存しており,両者の関係,すなわち消費者の選好は効用関数で表わされる。この効用関数が,任意の単調増加関数によって変換されても同じ選好関係を表現するならば,このときの効用概念は選好の序列をもつものとなり,序数的効用と呼ばれる。また,同一の選好関係を表現する効用関数の変換が限定されており,効用は基数的に測定できるものとされる場合には,これを基数的効用という。効用をもって個人の財に対する満足度を表現し,需要のミクロ的基礎づけを行う理論が展開されたのは限界革命以後であるが,それ以前にも H.ゴッセンらによって法則化されていた。
出典 ブリタニカ国際大百科事典 小項目事典ブリタニカ国際大百科事典 小項目事典について 情報 |
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