Epidural hematoma

Japanese: 硬膜外血腫 - こうまくがいけっしゅ
Epidural hematoma

Of the three layers of membrane that protect the brain, epidural hemorrhage occurs when bleeding caused mainly by head trauma grows to a certain size and forms a blood clot between the dura mater, the outermost layer, and the inner surface of the skull. The source of bleeding is damage caused by fracture of blood vessels in the dura mater, or rupture of intraosseous veins (interlaminar veins) due to rupture of bone tissue. In other words, hematomas form in association with fractures at the site of the bruise, but usually form directly below the fracture. The most common sites of hematomas are the frontal and temporal regions, followed by the parietal region, superior sagittal sinus (a region near the midline of the skull), and posterior cranial fossa.

A characteristic symptom is that the progression of symptoms is not as rapid as that of subdural hematoma, and there may be a period of clarity of consciousness lasting from several tens of minutes to several hours before consciousness is impaired. In other words, if the patient is clear-minded or only has a transient impairment of consciousness immediately after the injury, but then gradually or rapidly falls into a coma after several hours, epidural hematoma is strongly suspected.

Nowadays, it can be easily diagnosed by CT (Computed Tomography). On CT, it appears as a biconvex lens-shaped whitish high-density area in contact with the skull. On MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging), the dura is depicted as a line that clearly borders the hematoma, so MRI can distinguish epidural from subdural hematomas more clearly than CT. The hematoma appears as a whitish high-signal area. Recently, cerebral angiography is omitted. On cerebral angiography, the location and type of hematoma are diagnosed based on the deviation of the main arteries and veins and the presence of avascular areas. If appropriate treatment is not given in the early stages and left untreated, the pressure from the hematoma can cause brain stem damage (brain herniation) and lead to death. Therefore, in the acute stage of head trauma, especially when a fracture is observed, close observation is required, and as soon as an epidural hematoma is diagnosed, surgery is required to immediately remove the hematoma and stop the bleeding from the ruptured arteries, veins, and venous sinuses. However, if the hematoma is less than 20 millimeters thick and 20 milliliters in volume, it may be absorbed naturally without surgery. Epidural hematomas rarely cause brain damage, and if they are diagnosed correctly and surgery is performed early, the prognosis is very good.

[Mizuo Kagawa]

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

脳を保護する3層の膜のうち、最外層の硬膜と頭蓋(とうがい)骨内面との間に、主として頭部外傷によって出血した硬膜外出血が、ある程度の大きさになって血塊を生じたものをいう。出血源は、硬膜にある血管の骨折に伴う損傷や骨組織の断裂による骨内の静脈(板間静脈)などの破綻(はたん)である。すなわち、血腫は打撲部位の骨折に関連して形成されるわけであるが、通常、血腫は骨折部の直下に形成される。好発部位としては前頭側頭部が多く、ついで頭頂部、上矢状洞部(頭蓋の正中近くの部位)、後頭蓋窩(か)などにみられる。

 症状として特徴的なのは硬膜下血腫ほど症状の進行が速くない点であり、意識障害がおこるまでに数十分から数時間の意識清明期を経過する場合がある。すなわち、受傷直後は意識清明であるか、または一過性の意識障害にすぎなかったのが、数時間経過後、徐々にあるいは急速に昏睡(こんすい)状態となるような場合、硬膜外血腫が強く疑われるわけである。

 今日ではCT(コンピュータ断層撮影法)によって容易に診断できる。CT上、頭蓋骨に接した両凸レンズ形の白っぽい高吸収域として示される。MRI(磁気共鳴映像法)上では、硬膜は血腫を明確に境する線条として描出されるため、MRIはCTよりも明確に硬膜外、硬膜下血腫を鑑別できる。血腫は高信号域として白っぽく表される。最近では脳血管撮影は省略される。脳血管撮影では、主幹動脈、静脈の偏位と無血管領野の存在から血腫の部位と種類が診断される。初期のうちに適切な治療が行われず放置されると、血腫による圧迫のため脳幹部の障害(脳ヘルニア)をおこし、死に至ることとなる。したがって、頭部外傷急性期において、とくに骨折が認められるような場合は詳しく観察し、硬膜外血腫の診断がつきしだい、ただちに手術によって血腫を取り除き、破綻した動静脈や静脈洞からの出血を止める必要がある。しかし血腫の厚さ20ミリメートル、容積20ミリリットル以下のものでは手術を行わないでも自然に吸収されることがある。硬膜外血腫では脳に損傷を伴うことが比較的少なく、早期に正しく診断され手術が行われると、予後はたいへん良好である。

[加川瑞夫]

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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