Photomultiplier tube - photomultiplier tube

Japanese: 光電子増倍管 - こうでんしぞうばいかん
Photomultiplier tube - photomultiplier tube

The most sensitive photodetector in the weak light region. It is also called a photomultiplier (abbreviated as PMT) and is a representative secondary electron multiplier. It was developed by Zwolikin et al. of the United States from around 1926 to increase the sensitivity of television camera tubes.

The principle is that electrons emitted from a photocathode (combining a photocathode and photoelectron emission) are accelerated and collided with a secondary electron emission surface (dynode), emitting secondary electrons several times to several tens of times the number of incident electrons, which are then repeatedly collided with the dynodes, multiplying the electrons. There are usually 7 to 14 dynodes, achieving a multiplication factor of about 1 million. A cesium-antimony alloy is generally used, but magnesium oxide or cesium oxide may also be used.

Compared to when phototube output is amplified in multiple stages by vacuum tubes, photomultiplier tubes have a good signal-to-noise ratio and can produce high output, making them suitable for detecting weak light and measuring its intensity, and are used for the blackening of photographic plates, astronomical photometry, spectroscopic measurements of light emission, absorption, and reflection, oil exploration, and radiation measurement in outer space. There are side-on types in which the dynodes are arranged one after the other inside a cylinder, and head-on types in which the dynodes are arranged in parallel in a wave pattern, and they are manufactured in diameters up to about 50 centimeters.

Microchannel plates are also a type of photomultiplier tube, and can amplify images by about 10,000 times. These are made by reducing the inner walls of short, thin lead glass tubes in hydrogen gas to create secondary electron emitting surfaces, which are then arranged in a plate shape. By applying about 1 kilovolt to both ends of the tube, the incident photoelectrons are multiplied and irradiated onto a fluorescent screen. This can also multiply near-infrared, ultraviolet, X-rays, electron beams, ion beams, etc.

[Michinori Iwata]

[Reference item] | Secondary electron multiplier tube
Principle of photomultiplier tube
The electrons emitted by the light hitting the top surface of the tube are multiplied in succession by the dynodes facing each other inside the tube. This is suitable for detecting weak light .

Principle of photomultiplier tube

Photomultiplier tube
©Shogakukan ">

Photomultiplier tube


Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

微弱な光領域でもっとも感度の高い光検出器。光電子逓倍管(こうでんしていばいかん)、ホトマルチプライヤーphotomultiplier(略してホトマルまたはPMT)ともいわれる電子管で、二次電子増倍管の代表的なものである。アメリカのツウォリキンらにより、テレビジョン撮像管の感度をあげるため、1926年ごろから開発された。

 原理は、光電面(光陰極と光電子放出をあわせてもつもの)から放出された電子を加速して二次電子放出面(ダイノード)に衝突させて、入射電子の数倍~十数倍の二次電子を放出させ、さらに次々とダイノードに衝突を繰り返して電子を増倍する。ダイノードは普通7~14段で、100万倍程度の増倍率を得ている。一般にセシウム・アンチモン合金が用いられるが、酸化マグネシウムとか酸化セシウムなどを用いることもある。

 光電子増倍管は、光電管出力を真空管で多段増幅する場合に比べ、信号対雑音比はよく、高い出力が得られるので、弱い光の検出、強度測定に適しており、写真乾板の黒化度、天文の測光、光の放射、吸収、反射における分光測定、石油探索、宇宙空間での放射線計測などに利用される。ダイノードを円筒内に次々と配したサイドオンタイプと、波状に並行して配したヘッドオンタイプがあり、約50センチメートル径のものまでがつくられている。

 マイクロチャネルプレートといわれるものも一種の光電子増倍管で、1万倍程度の画像の増幅が得られる。これは、細く短い鉛ガラス管の内壁を水素ガス中で還元して二次電子放出面をつくり板状に並べたもので、管の両端に1キロボルト程度を加えて入射光電子を増倍し、蛍光スクリーンに照射するものである。これは近赤外、紫外線やX線、電子線、イオン線などでも増倍する。

[岩田倫典]

[参照項目] | 二次電子増倍管
光電子増倍管の原理
管上面に当たった光で放出された電子は、管内に対向するダイノードで相次いで増倍される。微弱な光を検出するのに適している©Shogakukan">

光電子増倍管の原理

光電子増倍管
©Shogakukan">

光電子増倍管


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