Allophone
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When several phonetically different sounds correspond to the same phoneme, these different sounds are called allophones of that phoneme. They are also called variants. In the words [kaba] (hippocampus) and [ᶄiba] (tusk), the two consonants [k] and [ᶄ] differ from each other mainly in the presence or absence of palatalization, but this is explained as the form that the same sound takes depending on the respective environments, and is interpreted as a manifestation of the same phoneme /k/. In this case, [k] and [ᶄ] are both said to be allophones of /k/. In such cases, we tend to focus only on sounds that have different phonetic symbols, but we must not forget that the [k]s in [ka], [ku], [ke], and [ko] are all different, and not only consonants but all vowels as well, and all allophones in different environments are different. For example, in English, in the words cup [kʌp] (a bowl) and cap [ᶄæp] (a brimless hat), the same phoneme /k/ is realized as two different sounds (allophones), [k] and [ᶄ], depending on the phonetic environment. Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information |
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音声学的に異なるいくつかの音が同一の音素に該当するとき，それらの異なる音をその音素の異音であるという。変異音ともいわれる。［kaba］（河馬）と［ᶄiba］（牙）において，二つの子音［k］と［ᶄ］は主として口蓋化の有無の点で互いに異なる音であるが，これは同じ音がそれぞれの環境に応じてとった姿と説明され，同一の音素/k/の現れと解釈される。このとき［k］と［ᶄ］はいずれも/k/の異音であるという。このような場合，違った音声記号が用意されている音だけを取り上げがちであるが，［ka］［ku］［ke］［ko］の各［k］もすべて違うこと，子音にかぎらず母音もすべて，異なる環境にある異音はすべて異なることを忘れてはならない。英語の例をあげると，cup［kʌp］（茶わん）と cap［ᶄæp］（縁なし帽子）において，同一の音素/k/が音的環境によって［k］と［ᶄ］という二つの異なる音（異音）として実現される。
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