This system was established to allow public institutions to hear and refer to the opinions of a wide range of stakeholders and academic experts when deciding on certain matters within their jurisdiction. Public hearings are legally recognized by the Diet, and include those held by committees of both houses of the Diet or standing or special committees of local government assemblies, as well as by administrative institutions. Committees of both houses of the Diet must hold public hearings on the general budget and important revenue bills, and voluntarily hold public hearings on other important bills of general interest and purpose, while committees of local government assemblies voluntarily hold public hearings on budgets and other important bills and petitions (Article 51 of the Diet Law, Article 109, Paragraph 5 of the Local Autonomy Law). Public hearings held by administrative institutions include mandatory public hearings that are required by law, but the number of such hearings is still small (e.g., the designation of misrepresentations of products by the Fair Trade Commission (Article 5, Paragraph 1 of the Unfair Premiums and Misrepresentations Prevention Law), and approval of changes to electricity and gas rates (Article 108 of the Electricity Business Law, Article 48 of the Gas Business Law, etc.). On the other hand, there are optional and discretionary public hearings that administrative agencies are required to hold "when they deem it necessary," such as public hearings prior to city planning and land acquisition project approval (Article 16 of the City Planning Law, Article 23, Clause 1 of the Land Expropriation Law). In addition, since holding public hearings does not require legal justification, public hearings outside of the legal system have often been held to meet practical requests (e.g., the so-called "nuclear power plant public hearings" before the 1978 amendment to the Atomic Energy Basic Law). In running these public hearings, there is a strong demand today to make them more substantial and substantial than formal public hearings by disclosing and providing objective and fair information or materials on the subject matter, and by guaranteeing the right of participation of as wide a range of relevant citizens and residents as possible, and the right of those citizens and residents to request experts. [Katsuya Ichihashi] Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
公の機関がその権限に属する一定の事項を決定する場合に、広く利害関係者・学識経験者等の意見を聞いて参考にするために設けられた制度。法令上認められたものとしては、議会関係として、国会の両院の委員会または地方公共団体の議会の常任委員会もしくは特別委員会が行うもの、および行政機関が行うものがある。国会の両院の委員会は、総予算および重要な歳入法案についてはかならず、その他一般的関心および目的を有する重要法案については任意に、また地方公共団体の議会の委員会は、予算その他重要な議案、陳情について任意に公聴会を開くことになっている(国会法51条、地方自治法109条5項)。行政機関が行うものとしては、法令がその開催を義務づけている必要的公聴会をまずあげることができるが、その数はまだ少数である(例、公正取引委員会による商品不当表示の指定〈不当景品類及び不当表示防止法5条1項〉、電気・ガス料金の変更認可〈電気事業法108条、ガス事業法48条〉など)。 他方、行政機関が「必要があると認めるときは」開催すると法定されている任意的・裁量的公聴会として、都市計画や土地収用事業認定に先だつ公聴会などがある(都市計画法16条、土地収用法23条1項)。また、本来公聴会の開催は法令の根拠を必要としないため、事実上の要請にこたえるため、法制度外の公聴会もしばしば開催されてきた(例、1978年の原子力基本法改正前のいわゆる「原発公聴会」など)。これらの公聴会の運営においては、対象事項についての客観的で公正な情報または資料の公開・提供、ならびに可能な限り広い範囲の関係国民・住民の参加権および当該国民・住民側の専門家依頼権を保障することによって、形式的な公聴会を実質的で充実したものにすることが、今日強く求められている。 [市橋克哉] 出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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