Antibody - Antibody (English spelling)

Japanese: 抗体 - こうたい（英語表記）antibody

A protein that is produced in the body in response to an antigen and reacts specifically with that antigen. There are immune antibodies that are produced in serum or tissues under the influence of an antigen, and normal antibodies that are present at birth. Antibodies are called antitoxins, agglutinins, hemagglutinins, anaphylactic antibodies, hemolysins, bacteriolysins, complement-fixing antibodies, etc., depending on the type of antigen-antibody reaction, i.e., the difference in antigens. In addition, depending on the origin of the antigen, they are classified as (1) alloantibodies, which are naturally occurring antibodies such as agglutinins in human blood types, (2) autoantibodies, which are antibodies against antigens caused by lesions in the body of the patient, and (3) xenoantibodies, which act on antigens originating from a species different from that of the animal that has the antibody. There are three types of cells involved in antibody production: macrophages (antigen processing), T cells (helper cells), and B cells (antibody-producing precursor cells). They are thought to be involved in the bone marrow, spleen, liver, etc., but the issue has not yet been resolved. To explain biological reactions such as allergies and anaphylaxis, they are sometimes divided into liquid antibodies and fixed antibodies. Other types of antibodies include nonspecific antibodies that react to nonspecific antigens and Forssman antibodies.

Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information

Japanese:

抗原の刺激によって生体内につくられ，この抗原と特異的に反応をする蛋白質をいう。抗原の影響下に血清や組織中につくられる免疫抗体と，特定の抗体が生れながらに存在する正常抗体がある。抗体はその抗原抗体反応の種類，すなわち抗原の違いによって，抗毒素，凝集素，血球凝集素，アナフィラキシー抗体，溶血素，溶菌素，補体結合性抗体などと呼ばれる。また，抗原の由来により，(1) 同種抗体　ヒトの血液型における凝集素のように自然にある抗体，(2) 自己抗体　自己の体内の病巣による抗原に対する抗体，(3) 異種抗体　抗体をもっている動物とは異なる種に由来する抗原に作用する抗体，に分類される。抗体産生に関与する細胞には，マクロファージ (抗原処理) ，T細胞 (ヘルパー細胞) およびB細胞 (抗体産生前駆細胞) の3種が考えられ，骨髄，脾臓，肝臓などで関与すると考えられているが，まだ解決はされていない。アレルギー，アナフィラキシーなどの生体反応を説明するのに，液体抗体，定着抗体に分けて考えることもある。その他，非特異性抗原に反応する非特異性抗体，フォルスマン Forssman抗体などがある。

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