Principle of public trust

Japanese: 公信の原則 - こうしんのげんそく
Principle of public trust

This principle protects those who trust the appearance of the right. A possessor of movable property has possession as the appearance of ownership, so if a third party purchases movable property believing that the possessor has ownership, they can acquire ownership in principle, even if the possessor does not have ownership. This is called bona fide (immediate) acquisition (Civil Code Article 192), and acquirers of movable property that is frequently traded on a daily basis are protected. However, there are exceptions for stolen property and lost property (Civil Code Articles 193 and 194). For bills and other valuable securities under the Commercial Code, the acquirer is given stronger protection than the above (Bills Act Article 16, Paragraph 2, Cheques Act Article 21, Commercial Code Article 519). On the other hand, the appearance of the right to real estate is registered, but if the registered owner does not have ownership, a person who purchases real estate from that owner relying on the registration cannot acquire ownership. In other words, the principle of public trust is not recognized for real estate. However, if the true owner has left the registration in someone else's name and has explicitly or implicitly accepted that status, the owner cannot assert ownership against a person who has purchased real estate in trust of that name (analogy of Civil Code Article 94, Paragraph 2). The principle of public trust is also recognized in the assignment of claims. In other words, a debtor who has accepted the assignment of claims without objection cannot assert against the assignee the grounds that he or she could have asserted against the assignor (such as partial payment) (Civil Code Article 468, Paragraph 1).

[Ken Kawai]

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

権利の外形を信頼した者を保護する原則をいう。動産の占有者には、所有権の外形としての占有があるので、第三者は、その占有者に所有権があるものと信じてこれを買い受けたときには、たとえその占有者が所有権を有していなくても、原則として所有権を取得することができる。これを善意(即時)取得といい(民法192条)、日常頻繁に取引される動産の取得者は保護される。ただし、盗品、遺失物についての例外がある(民法193条・194条)。商法上の手形その他の有価証券については、右よりももっと強く取得者の保護が認められている(手形法16条2項、小切手法21条、商法519条)。一方、不動産の権利の外形は登記であるが、登記名義人が所有権を有しないとき、登記を信頼してその名義人から不動産を買い受けた者は所有権を取得することができない。すなわち、不動産については公信の原則は認められていない。ただし、真実の所有者が他人名義の登記を放置し、明示または黙示にその状態を承認していたときは、この名義を信頼して不動産を買い受けた者に対して、所有者は所有権を主張することができない(民法94条2項の類推適用)。公信の原則は、債権の譲渡についても認められる。すなわち、債権譲渡を異議なく承認した債務者は、譲渡人に主張することのできた事由(一部弁済など)を譲受人に主張することができない(民法468条1項)。

[川井 健]

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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