Photoperiodism

Japanese: 光周性 - こうしゅうせい(英語表記)photoperiodism
Photoperiodism
A response of an organism to light with a suitable cycle (such as day and night). Some tobacco varieties do not flower in summer under natural conditions, but if the daily daylight hours are controlled to 12 hours or less, flower buds can be formed in summer and other times of the year. This is due to the photoperiodism of tobacco. The ratio of light to darkness required for flowering (actually, the length of the dark period is the limiting factor) varies depending on the type of plant. Although it is not possible to say strictly, plants that do not flower unless given a photoperiod with a certain amount of dark period (usually about 9 hours or more) are called short-day plants (cocklebur, soybean, etc.). Plants that require a photoperiod with a certain amount of light or dark period to flower are called long-day plants (beets require 11 hours of light or more, spinach requires 13 to 14 hours of light or more, and henbane requires 10 to 11 hours of light or more). Plants that flower regardless of the length of the light period (day length) are called photo-neutral plants (tomato, buckwheat, corn, cucumber, chili pepper, etc.). Photoperiodism also occurs in the growth and morphogenesis of vegetative organs other than flowers (tubers, fallen leaves, etc.). Photoperiodism also occurs in the development, sexual maturity, and life cycle development of insects and birds.

Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information

Japanese:
適当な周期 (昼と夜のような) で生物に光を与えたときに,生物に起る反応をいう。ある品種のタバコは自然状態では夏には開花しないが,毎日の日照時間を 12時間以下に制御すると夏でも夏以外にも花芽を形成させることができる。これはタバコのもつ光周性のためである。催花に必要な明期対暗期の比率 (実際には暗期の長短が制限因子である) は植物の種類によって異なる。厳密にはいえないが,一定時間以上の暗期 (多くは約9時間以上) をもつ光周性を与えなければ催花しない植物を短日植物 (オナモミ,ダイズなど) という。また一定時間以上の明期もしくは以下の暗期をもつ光周性が催花に必要な植物を長日植物 (ビートでは 11時間以上の明期,ホウレンソウでは 13~14時間以上の明期,ヒヨスでは 10~11時間以上の明期) という。明期 (日長) の時間には関係なく催花する植物を中性植物 (トマト,ソバ,トウモロコシ,キュウリ,トウガラシなど) という。花以外の栄養器官 (塊茎,落葉など) の生長や形態形成にも光周性がある。また昆虫,鳥などの発育,性的成熟と生活環展開にも光周性がある。

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