A special type of mountain climate that appears especially in high mountains. It is also called alpine climate. It usually refers to the climate above the tree line, and in temperate regions it usually appears at altitudes of 2,000 meters or more above sea level. With altitude, the temperature and air pressure decrease, and the solar radiation becomes stronger. It is similar to the polar climate of high latitudes, but it is essentially different from the climate that occurs due to weak solar radiation. Depending on the latitude, it is divided into temperate alpine climate and tropical alpine climate. The former is found in the Tibetan Plateau, the European Alps, the Rocky Mountains of America, and in Japan, in the Japanese Alps. The latter is found in the highlands of Borneo and New Guinea, the mountains of East Africa, the Ethiopian Plateau, the Mexican Plateau, and the Andes. In temperate alpine climate, the annual temperature range is large, and summer and winter are clearly defined, whereas in tropical alpine climate, the annual temperature range is smaller than the diurnal range, and there is no temperature-related periodicity in biological activity. Temperate alpine areas are cold and have a lot of snowfall, and the climate conditions are not good, but tropical alpine areas are cool all year round, which is suitable for human life, and settlements are well developed. It is said that 5,500 meters, where the air pressure is about half that of the ground, is the upper limit for human habitation, but altitude sickness can occur at altitudes above 2,000 meters. [Shuji Yamashita] [Reference item] | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
山地気候のうち、とくに高山に現れる特殊な気候。アルプス気候ともいう。通常、森林限界付近から上の気候をさし、温帯地方では普通海抜2000メートル以上に出現する。高度とともに気温と気圧は低下し、日射は強くなる。高緯度地方の寒帯気候に似ているが、日射が弱いために生じるのとは本質的に異なっている。緯度によって温帯高山気候と熱帯高山気候とに区分される。前者はチベット高原、ヨーロッパ・アルプス、アメリカのロッキーなどに分布し、日本でも日本アルプスなどにみられる。後者はボルネオ島、ニューギニア島の高地、東アフリカの山地、エチオピア高原、メキシコ高原、アンデスに分布する。温帯高山気候では気温の年較差が大きく、夏と冬が明瞭(めいりょう)に現れるのに対して、熱帯高山気候では気温の年較差が日較差より小さく、生物の活動にも気温による周期性がない。温帯高山は寒冷で降雪も多く、気候条件はよくないが、熱帯高山では年中冷涼で、人々の生活に適し、集落が発達している。気圧が地上気圧の約半分になる5500メートルが人類の永住限界といわれているが、2000メートル以上になると高山病がみられるようになる。 [山下脩二] [参照項目] | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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