Steel is widely used as an industrial material in machinery, civil engineering, and architecture. It is classified into carbon steel and alloy steel based on its composition. Although it is not a term used academically, it is classified into ordinary steel, which is produced by simple refining, and special steel, which is produced by special manufacturing methods. Based on its shape, it is classified into thick plate, thin plate (sheet), steel strip, bar, section steel, wire rod, tube, pipe, shaped steel, and deformed steel bar. The hardness and strength of steel can be greatly changed by heat treatment, but it is classified into non-tempered steel, which is used as rolled, and tempered steel, which is used after heat treatment. It can also be classified by its use. For example, among those classified as thin plates, those that are particularly suitable for press processing are called press steel plates. Among thick plates, those with a tensile strength of 500 megapascals or more are called high tensile strength steel. Steels used for machine parts that require toughness, such as axles, are called mechanical structural steels. Tool steels are used for parts that require hardness and wear resistance, such as tools for various processing machines. Heat-resistant steels are used in boilers, heat exchangers, turbines, and other equipment used at high temperatures. Although steel has the disadvantage of being prone to rust, steel plates with added phosphorus and other substances to prevent red rust from progressing even when exposed to wind and rain, such as in buildings, are called weathering steels. Steels that are resistant to chemicals are generally called corrosion-resistant steels, and corrosion-resistant steels with 12% or more chromium added are called stainless steels. Steels for special purposes, such as electromagnetic steel sheets (silicon steel sheets) used for transformer cores, electric heating materials as heating elements, magnets, and various electronic materials, may also be included in the category of steel materials, as functional materials that utilize the special physical properties of iron. Generally, iron containing 2% or less carbon is called steel, and when it is manufactured as an industrial material, it is called steel material. [Hajime Sudo] [Reference items] | | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
機械、土木、建築など広く工業用材料として使用される鉄鋼。組成上から炭素鋼と合金鋼とに分類される。学術的には用いられない用語であるが、単純な精錬を行って製造される普通鋼と、特殊な製造方法による特殊鋼とに分類される。形状から、厚板(プレート)、薄板(シート)、帯鋼(おびこう)(ストリップ)、棒鋼(バー)、条鋼(じょうこう)、線材(ワイヤーロッド)、管(チューブ、パイプ)、形鋼(かたこう)、異形棒鋼のように分類される。鋼は熱処理によってその硬さや強さを大幅に変えられるが、圧延のままで使用される非調質鋼と、熱処理を行ってから使用される調質鋼とに分類される。用途により分類されることもある。たとえば薄板に分類されるもののうちで、とくにプレス加工に適するものをプレス用鋼板という。厚板のうちで、とくに引張り強さを500メガパスカル以上に高めたものを高張力鋼(ハイテンhigh tensile strength steel)という。また、車軸など靭性(じんせい)を要求される機械部材に使用されるものを機械構造用鋼という。各種加工機械の工具のように硬さや耐摩耗性を要求される部材に使用されるのが工具鋼である。ボイラー、熱交換機、タービンなど高温度で使用されるものが耐熱鋼である。鉄鋼は錆(さ)びやすい欠点をもつが、建造物のように風雨にさらされても赤錆(あかさび)が進行しにくいようにリンなどを添加した鋼板は耐候性鋼とよばれる。化学薬品に侵されにくい鋼を一般に耐食鋼というが、とくに12%以上のクロムを添加した耐食鋼をステンレス鋼という。特殊な用途の鋼、たとえば、トランスの鉄心などに使用される電磁鋼板(ケイ素鋼板)、発熱体としての電熱材料、磁石、各種電子材料などのように鉄の特殊な物理的性質を活用する機能材料としての鉄鋼を鋼材に含める場合もある。一般に2%以下の炭素を含有する鉄を鋼といい、これが工業材料として製造されたときに鋼材という。 [須藤 一] [参照項目] | | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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