Public investment - koukyoutoushi

Japanese: 公共投資 - こうきょうとうし
Public investment - koukyoutoushi

This is an investment activity conducted by the central and local governments, and refers to the annual additional amount for the formation of social capital such as industrial infrastructure, living infrastructure, and land conservation. Governments undertake public investment in order to achieve the policy goals of efficient resource allocation and economic stability.

In a capitalist economy, efficient resource allocation can be achieved automatically by using the price mechanism in the market. However, certain conditions are necessary for this to happen, and market failure occurs when the market mechanism is imperfect and dysfunctional, or when there are inherent defects in the market mechanism. This is why there are goods and services that the government must supply. For example, in cases such as (1) where economies of scale exist and diminishing costs exist, where perfectly competitive pricing would result in deficits and destructive competition or natural monopolies, (2) where there are external effects in which the activities of one economic entity directly affect the activities of other economic entities without going through the market mechanism, and (3) where public goods are consumed jointly and the exclusion principle does not apply, the public sector can directly provide these goods and services, and the capital stock required for this is public investment. Furthermore, there are cases where desirable stability policy goals cannot be automatically achieved by market mechanisms alone. For example, (1) when interest rates, money wage rates, and prices are rigid, or (2) when people's expectations are not completely rational, it is not possible to leave it to market mechanisms and automatically eliminate unemployment and achieve full employment. In such cases, it becomes necessary to manage aggregate demand by utilizing public investment, which is one element of effective demand. Cost-benefit analysis is a criterion for actually making public investment. This involves evaluating the net benefits that will occur in the future at the present time, and judging whether the present value of the net benefits brought about by public investment is positive or negative. If the discounted present value of the net benefits is positive, then public investment is worth making.

One of the problems with this analysis method is how to evaluate the benefits. When the output of public investment brings about equal consumption and is a non-excludable pure public good, free riders exist and people do not reveal their true preferences, making it impossible to accurately measure the demand curve and difficult to measure the benefits. Another problem is how to determine the discount rate to use when calculating the discounted present value. The market interest rate and the social time preference rate can be considered as discount rates for public investment. The social time preference rate is the marginal rate of substitution between current consumption and future consumption determined by the consumer sovereignty of all members of society, including future generations, and since the market interest rate does not include future generations, a divergence occurs between the two. If the market interest rate is used as the discount rate, it will be biased in that it will underestimate the consumption of future generations.

[Tsuguo Fujino]

"Public Economics" edited by Yukihide Okano and Takashi Negishi (1973, Yuhikaku)""Modern Economics 2: Applied Economics" edited by Yasuhiko Oishi and Naoo Kumagai (1970, Yuhikaku)"Public Finance" by Keimei Kaizuka and Ryuichiro Tate (1973, Iwanami Shoten)"

[References] | Cost-benefit analysis

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

中央・地方政府が行う投資活動であり、産業基盤、生活基盤、国土保全などの社会資本形成のための年々の追加量をいう。政府が公共投資を行うのは、資源の効率的配分と経済安定という政策目標を達成するためである。

 資本主義経済では、市場における価格機構を用いれば自動的に資源の効率的配分を達成することができる。しかし、そのためには一定の条件が必要であり、市場機構が不完全で機能障害をもつ場合や、市場機構に内在的欠陥が存在する場合には、市場の失敗が生じる。それゆえ、政府が供給しなければならない財・サービスが存在するのである。たとえば、(1)規模の経済が存在し、完全競争的に価格づけを行うと赤字が生じ破滅的競争ないし自然独占が生じる費用逓減(ていげん)の場合、(2)ある経済主体の活動が市場機構を通じないで直接他の経済主体の活動に影響を与える外部効果の存在する場合、(3)消費が共同して行われ、排除原則が働かないような公共財の場合、などには、公共部門が直接提供する対象になり、そのために必要な資本ストックが公共投資である。さらに、市場機構のみによっては望ましい安定政策の目標をも自動的に達成することができない場合がある。たとえば、(1)利子率や貨幣賃金率・物価が硬直的な場合、(2)人々の期待形成が完全に合理的ではない場合、などには、市場機構にゆだねておけば、失業が自動的に解消して完全雇用が達成できる、というわけにはいかない。そこで、有効需要の一要素である公共投資を活用することによって、総需要管理を行うことが必要となる。公共投資を現実に行う基準として、費用・便益分析がある。これは、将来時点で発生する純便益を現在時点で評価し、公共投資によってもたらされる純便益の現在価値の正・負によって判断するものであり、純便益の割引現在価値が正であれば、公共投資を行う価値があることになる。

 この分析方法の問題点の一つとして、便益をいかに評価するかという点があげられる。公共投資のアウトプットが等量消費をもたらし、排除不可能な純粋公共財である場合、フリー・ライダーが存在して人々が真の選好を顕示しないため、需要曲線を正確に測定することができず、便益を測ることが困難となる。もう一つの問題として、割引現在価値を出す場合に用いる割引率をどのように決定するかという点が存在する。公共投資の割引率として、市場利子率と社会的時間選好率が考えられる。社会的時間選好率は、将来世代を含めた社会の全構成員の消費者主権によって決まる現在消費と将来消費との限界代替率であり、市場利子率は将来世代を含めていないため、両者の間には乖離(かいり)が生じる。市場利子率を割引率として用いると、将来世代の消費を過小評価するという偏りをもつことになる。

[藤野次雄]

『岡野行秀・根岸隆編『公共経済学』(1973・有斐閣)』『大石泰彦・熊谷尚夫編『近代経済学2 応用経済学』(1970・有斐閣)』『貝塚啓明・館龍一郎著『財政』(1973・岩波書店)』

[参照項目] | 費用・便益分析

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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