Amia - Amia (English spelling) bowfin

Japanese: アミア - あみあ(英語表記)bowfin
Amia - Amia (English spelling) bowfin

A freshwater fish belonging to the order Amiiformes and family Amidae of the class Osteichthyes. The body is covered with hard scales, and there is a single plate-like bone (throat plate) on the underside of the head. The caudal fin skeleton is roughly heterocercal, intermediate between the heterocercal type (asymmetrical in appearance) seen in cartilaginous fishes and the homocercal type seen in many bony fishes. The swim bladder is incompletely divided into two chambers, left and right, forming a lung structure. The body color is greenish brown with dark streaks. Males have a clear eye-like spot surrounded by a yellow to orange ring above the base of the caudal fin, but females have no ring and the markings are not clear. The total length is just over 90 centimeters, and females are larger than males. This is a low-class bony fish, and many species lived from the Paleozoic to the Mesozoic eras, but all species except this one are now extinct. It is closely related to the gar pikes, and both are called "living fossils." Currently, it is distributed in the Great Lakes and the Mississippi River system in North America, and lives in still water with little oxygen and murky conditions. This is because it can take in oxygen from the air with its lungs. In summer, it is active at night, devouring fish, amphibians, shrimp, crabs, shellfish, etc. In winter, it spends its time in a state of suspended animation, burrowing into the mud at the bottom of the water. In the spring, the male builds a nest by digging an oval hole about 60 cm long and 40 cm short near the shoreline where aquatic plants grow thick. When the female approaches the nest, she pecks her body with her snout, and the female lays 20,000 to 70,000 eggs in the nest. The larvae hatch from the eggs in about 7 to 10 days and attach to the wall of the nest with suckers in front of their mouths. The male protects the eggs and the larvae until they grow to about 10 centimeters. They are used as food in some areas, but have low market value.

[Akira Ochiai and Kunio Amano]

[Reference items] | Osteichthyes | Cartilaginous fishes

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

硬骨魚綱アミア目アミア科に属する淡水魚。体は硬鱗(こうりん)で覆われ、頭の下面に1枚の板状の骨(喉板(こうばん))がある。尾鰭(びき)骨格は、軟骨魚類にみられる異尾(いび)型(外見上は上下非対称の形)と多くの硬骨魚類にみられる正尾(せいび)型の中間となる、略式異尾型である。うきぶくろは不完全に左右2室に分かれ、肺の構造をなしている。体色は緑褐色で、暗色の流れ紋がある。雄には尾びれの基底の上部に、黄色から橙(だいだい)色の輪で取り囲まれた明瞭(めいりょう)な眼状斑(はん)があるが、雌には輪がなく、斑紋もはっきりしない。全長は90センチメートル余りで、雌は雄より大きくなる。この類は下等な硬骨魚類であり、古生代から中生代にかけて多くの種類が生存していたが、本種を除くすべての種類が絶滅してしまった。ガーパイク類と近縁であり、ともに「生きた化石」とよばれている。現在では北アメリカの五大湖、ミシシッピ水系に分布し、止水状態で酸素が少なく、濁った所でも生息する。これは肺で空中の酸素を取り込むことができるためである。夏は夜間に盛んに活動し、魚類、両生類、エビ・カニ類、貝類などを貪食(どんしょく)する。冬には水底の泥の中に潜って仮死状態で過ごす。繁殖期は春で、雄は水草が茂った岸辺近くに、長径60センチメートル、短径40センチメートルぐらいの楕円(だえん)形の穴を掘って巣をつくる。巣に近づいた雌の体を吻(ふん)でつつき、巣の中に2万~7万個の卵を産ませる。7~10日ぐらいで卵から孵化(ふか)した仔魚(しぎょ)は、口の前にある吸盤で巣の壁に吸着する。雄は、卵および10センチメートルぐらいに成長するまでの幼魚を保護する。食料にする地域はあるが、市場価値は低い。

[落合 明・尼岡邦夫]

[参照項目] | 硬骨魚類 | 軟骨魚類

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