This refers to examinations and tests conducted on people who do not believe they have any particular illness or abnormality to check their health condition and whether they have any unnoticed diseases. In order to maintain good health, it is necessary to detect and treat illnesses and abnormalities early, and since it may be too late once subjective or objective symptoms appear, it is recommended that people undergo regular health checkups. For this reason, in addition to personal checkups that are undertaken voluntarily at medical institutions, there are also those that are conducted administratively to maintain the health of the entire nation, and are called periodic health checkups. There are various types of health checkups that are either mandatory administratively or offered as a service, as shown below. [Munehiro Hirayama] Subjects and types of health examinationsHealth checkups provided by the government as a health service for residents include health checkups for pregnant women and infants (a combination of health checkups and health guidance) under the Maternal and Child Health Law. The law stipulates the contents of health checkups for 18-month-old children and 3-year-old children, and makes it the duty of mayors of cities, towns, and villages to provide health checkups for pregnant women and infants of other ages, and multiple prenatal and infant checkups are conducted nationwide. Furthermore, starting in April 2008, prefecture health promotion plans were formulated under the cooperation between the Law Concerning Assurance of Medical Care for the Elderly and the Health Promotion Law, and health insurers were required to implement specific health examinations and specific health guidance. This involves providing health examinations and health guidance to insured persons and dependents aged 40 to 75, focusing on the prevention of lifestyle-related diseases, especially metabolic syndrome, and also involves data analysis for the implementation and evaluation of these programs. The previous Health Care for the Elderly Law was abolished. The School Health and Safety Act stipulates that schools must conduct health examinations (pre-school, regular, special, etc.) for pupils, students and staff. In addition, there are cancer screenings and other personal health services that local governments provide using their own budgets. Also, health checkups that individuals voluntarily visit medical institutions for, and that involve short-term hospitalization and comprehensive testing, are called medical checkups. The Labor Standards Act requires that employees in workplaces where hygiene problems may occur undergo health examinations at least twice a year, and the laws of each industry stipulate that workers in industries that come into contact with customers or handle food must undergo health examinations for infectious diseases, etc. In addition to the regular general health checkups, there are also special health checkups for workers who work with harmful substances. The special health checkups that are legally required by the Industrial Safety and Health Act are for workers who work with organic solvents, lead, tetraalkyl lead, the manufacture and handling of specified chemicals, high pressure work, ionizing radiation work, and dust work. Other workers who are required by administrative guidance to undergo special health checkups include those who work under intense ultraviolet or infrared light or noise, work at night, work using VDTs (visual or video display terminals, referring to computer displays), and those who work with various harmful chemicals. There are also special health checkups that the Director of the Prefectural Labour Standards Office instructs workplaces to conduct when he or she deems them necessary for the health of workers. [Munehiro Hirayama] Content and method of diagnosisThe items examined in health checkups vary depending on the patient and the main purpose, but for children, in addition to an internal medical examination, physical measurements (height, weight, etc.), simple tests of vision and hearing, dental examination, developmental tests such as motor function, anemia tests, urine tests, electrocardiograms, etc. are performed. For adults, important tests include blood pressure, blood chemistry, lung and stomach X-rays, urine tests, and occult blood tests in stool. These are carried out in two ways: individual health checkups, where individuals visit medical institutions or testing centers, and group checkups, where a large number of people are gathered at a designated venue on a set date and time. If the results of the above health checkups and tests indicate that more detailed examinations, tests, or treatment are required, the individual will be referred to a specialized medical institution, and if future lifestyle changes are required, health guidance and health consultations will be provided by doctors, public health nurses, nutritionists, psychological counselors, etc. Furthermore, if it is determined that further examinations or tests are necessary after a certain period of time, continued observation will be carried out. These are collectively called follow-up measures for health checkups and medical examinations, and their success or failure is an evaluation of the health checkup itself. [Munehiro Hirayama] "Health Checkups: How to Read the Numeric Values You Are Concerned About," edited by Osamu Nishizaki (1999, Shufu to Seikatsusha) " "Ando Yukio et al., "Hospital Testing Guide," Newly Revised Edition (2001, Shogakukan) " "Yoshida Kazuhiro, "The Correct Way to Read Health Checkups," (2002, Heibonsha)" [Reference items] | | | |Health checkup| | | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
とくに病気や異常があるとは思っていない者に対し、健康状態や、気づかずにいる疾病の有無を調べるために行う診察や検査をいう。健康を維持するためには、疾病・異常を早期に発見し、早期に治療することが必要であり、自覚症状や他覚症状が出てからでは手遅れになるおそれもあるので、定期的に健康診断を受けることが勧められる。このため、自発的に医療機関を訪れて受ける個人的なもののほかに、国民全体の健康維持のために行政的に行われるものがあり、定期健康診断などとよばれている。行政的に実施を義務づけたり、あるいはサービスとして実施している健康診断は、次に示すようにさまざまである。 [平山宗宏] 健康診断の対象と種類住民を対象として行政が保健サービスとして行っている健康診断としては、母子保健法による妊婦や乳幼児の健康診査(健康診断と保健指導を組み合わせた形式)がある。同法では1歳6か月健診と3歳児健診を健診内容を含めて定め、妊婦とほかの月年齢の乳幼児健診を市町村長の努力義務としており、複数回の妊婦健診や乳幼児健診が全国的に行われている。 また、2008年(平成20)4月からは、高齢者の医療の確保に関する法律と健康増進法の連携のもとに都道府県健康増進計画が策定され、医療保険者に特定健康診査、特定保健指導の実施が義務づけられた。これは生活習慣病予防、とくにメタボリック症候群に着目した健診および保健指導を40歳以上75歳未満の被保険者と被扶養者を対象に行うもので、その実施と評価のためのデータ分析までを行うこととなっている。それまでの老人保健法は廃止された。 学校では、学校保健安全法によって児童生徒、学生、職員の健康診断(就学前、定期、臨時など)が定められている。 このほか、自治体が独自に予算を計上して対人保健サービスとして実施する癌(がん)検診などもある。また、個人が自発的に医療機関を訪れる健康診断で、短期間の入院をして総合的な検査を行うものは、人間ドックなどとよばれている。 衛生上問題の起こりうる職場の従業員は、労働基準法によって年2回以上の健康診断が必要とされており、客に接触したり食品を扱う業種の業者は、感染症等に関する健康診断を受けなければならないことが、それぞれの業法に定められている。 なお、健康診断には、定期的に行われる一般健康診断のほかに、とくに有害な物質を扱う業務に従事する労働者を対象にする特殊健康診断がある。労働安全衛生法により法的に義務づけられる特殊健康診断の対象は、有機溶剤業務、鉛業務、四アルキル鉛業務、特定化学物質などの製造・取扱い業務、高気圧作業、電離放射線業務、粉じん作業に従事する労働者である。その他、行政指導により特殊健康診断の実施を要する対象として、強烈な紫外線・赤外線・騒音下での業務、深夜業務、VDT(visual or video display terminalsの略、コンピュータなどの表示装置をさす)業務、種々の有害化学物質を扱う業務などに従事する労働者がある。また、都道府県労働基準局長が労働者の健康のために必要と判断した場合に、事業所に指示して行わせる臨時健康診断がある。 [平山宗宏] 診断の内容と方式健康診断の検査項目は対象と主目的によって異なるが、小児の場合は、内科的な診察のほか身体計測(身長、体重など)、視力・聴力の簡易検査、歯科診察、運動機能等の発達検査、それに貧血検査、尿検査、心電図検査などが行われる。成人では、血圧、血液化学、肺・胃のX線検査、尿検査、便の潜血反応検査などが重要になってくる。また、これらの実施の方式としては、医療機関や検査センターなどを個人別に訪れる個別健康診断と、指定された会場へ日時を決めて多人数を呼び集めて行う集団検診とがある。 以上のような健康診断・検査の結果、さらに精密な診察・検査や治療を要することになれば、専門医療機関等への紹介が行われ、今後の生活上の注意などが必要であれば、医師、保健師、栄養士、心理相談員等によって保健指導、健康相談が行われる。また、一定期間後に再度診察や検査が必要と判断された場合には、継続観察などが行われる。これらは総称して健康診断・健康診査の事後措置といい、その成否は健康診断そのものの評価となるものである。 [平山宗宏] 『西崎統監修『健康診断 気になる数値の見方』(1999・主婦と生活社)』▽『安藤幸夫ほか著『病院の検査がわかる検査の手引き』新装改訂版(2001・小学館)』▽『吉田和弘著『健康診断の「正しい」読み方』(2002・平凡社)』 [参照項目] | | | | | | | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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