String quartet (English: string quartet)

Japanese: 弦楽四重奏 - げんがくしじゅうそう(英語表記)string quartet
String quartet (English: string quartet)

A chamber piece for four string instruments: first and second violins, viola, and cello. It has the most harmonious sound and rich expressiveness of all the various chamber music arrangements, and was perfected during the Classical period as a type of piece that forms the core of modern chamber music. Formally, it consists of four movements like a symphony, and can be considered a sonata for string quartet. Its distinctive feature as a type of piece is that the four instruments, each with their own individual independence, develop the musical idea in a dialogue-like manner, as described by Goethe as "a dialogue between four rational men."

Although it has a complicated history, the classical style of the quartet was established by Haydn, who left behind 68 pieces. The 1781 work "Opus 33" is considered to be the work that signals the completion stage. Mozart left behind 23 pieces, and pursued a deeper content in the last 10 pieces, including the "Haydn Quartet" inspired by "Opus 33". Beethoven's 17 pieces, especially the later 6 pieces filled with a contemplative mood, achieved unprecedented heights in this genre. During the Romantic period, although it retreated somewhat from the center of creative work, the tradition was passed down to composers of the classical tradition, such as Schubert, Schumann, and Brahms, and Smetana and Dvorak left behind works rich in ethnic colors. After that, from the late 19th century to the first half of the 20th century, the string quartet regained its importance, and many composers, including Debussy, Ravel, Schoenberg, and Janacek, each produced distinctive works. Among them, Bartok's six pieces and Shostakovich's 15 pieces are considered important works that carry on Beethoven's spirit to the present day.

[Hajime Okubo]

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

第1、第2バイオリン、ビオラ、チェロの四つの弦楽器による室内楽。さまざまな室内楽編成のなかでももっとも調和のとれた響きと豊かな表現力を備えており、古典派時代に近代の室内楽の中心をなす曲種として完成された。形式的には交響曲と同じく四つの楽章からなり、弦楽四重奏のためのソナタといえる。曲種としての特徴は、「4人の理性的な人間の対話」(ゲーテ)と評されるように、個としての独立性を有する四つの楽器が対話風に楽想を発展させるところにある。

 複雑な前史をもつが、古典的な四重奏様式は、68曲を残したハイドンによって確立された。1781年の「作品33」が完成段階を告げる作品とされる。モーツァルトは23曲を残しており、「作品33」に触発されて書いた「ハイドン四重奏曲」を含む最後の10曲で内容的な深さを追究した。ベートーベンの17曲、なかでも思索的な気分をたたえた後期6曲は、この曲種で前人未踏ともいえる高みを築いている。ロマン派時代には、創作の中心からはやや後退したものの、シューベルト、シューマン、ブラームスと古典派の流れをくむ作曲家に伝統が受け継がれ、またスメタナやドボルザークが民族色豊かな作品を残した。その後、19世紀末から20世紀前半にかけて、弦楽四重奏曲はふたたび重要性を増し、ドビュッシー、ラベル、シェーンベルク、ヤナーチェクら多数の作曲家の手で、それぞれ特色ある作品が生み出された。なかでも、バルトークの6曲とショスタコビチの15曲は、ベートーベンの精神を現代に受け継ぐ重要作とされる。

[大久保一]

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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