Köhler, Horst

Japanese: ケーラー(英語表記)Köhler, Horst
Köhler, Horst
Born February 22, 1943 in Skielbieszow, German economist and politician. President (2004-10). Served as Managing Director of the International Monetary Fund (IMF) from 2000 to 2004. Born in Poland during World War II, his family emigrated to Germany (later the German Democratic Republic (East Germany)) shortly thereafter to escape the Soviet invasion. In 1953, he escaped to the Federal Republic of Germany (West Germany). He obtained his doctorate in economics and political science from the University of Tübingen in West Germany. He served as an assistant professor at the Institute of Applied Economics at the same university from 1969 to 1976, before becoming a bureaucrat. In 1981, he joined the Christian Democratic Union. In the early 1990s, as State Secretary of the Ministry of Finance under the Kohl administration, he played an important role in formulating the financial plan for German reunification in 1990 (→German unification issue). However, his greatest achievement at that time was leading the difficult negotiations leading to the Maastricht Treaty in 1991 as the head of Germany. In 1993, he became president of the Association of German Savings Banks. In 1998, he was elected president of the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD). He was appointed Managing Director of the IMF on March 23, 2000, but as the head of the IMF, he faced many criticisms for the old policies of the fund. In 2001, he announced the establishment of a new International Capital Markets Department within the IMF to improve the efficiency of information gathering and prepare for financial crises. He was elected President of Germany by the conservative coalition at the German Bundestag, resigned as Managing Director of the IMF in March 2004, and became President of Germany in July of the same year. He was re-elected as President in 2009. In May 2010, in a radio interview, he said that there were cases where military intervention was necessary to protect Germany's national interests, such as sending troops to Afghanistan (→ Afghanistan conflict), which drew criticism and led him to resign immediately after.

Kohler
Kähler, Martin

Born: January 6, 1835 in Neuhausen
Died September 7, 1912, Halle. German Protestant theologian. He was a lecturer at the University of Halle (1860), assistant professor at the University of Bonn (64), and professor at the University of Halle (67). He established a biblicist theology, especially under the influence of J. Beck. He became interested in the revival movement under the influence of F. Tolck and approached Pietism. His distinctive feature in understanding the Bible was that he opposed extreme subjectivism and critical research, drew a line at the theory of verbal inspiration, and attempted to grasp the certainty of faith. He made a clear distinction between the historical Jesus and the historical Christ, and had a great influence on modern theology. Among his students, K. Heim and J. Schniewind are notable scholars. Main works: "Das Gewissen I" (78), "Die Wissenschaft der christlichen Lehre" (83), "Der sogenannte historische Jesus und der geschichtliche biblische Christus" (92), "Dogmatische Zeitfragen" (3 volumes, 98-1913), "Theologie und Christ" (26) , "Geschichte der protestantischen Dogmatik im 19. Jahrhundert" (62).

Kohler
Köhler, Wolfgang

Born: January 21, 1887 in Tallinn
[Died] June 11, 1967. Enfield, New Hampshire. German psychologist. Professor at the University of Göttingen, then at the University of Berlin. He opposed the Nazi regime and moved to the United States (1935), where he later became a professor at Swarthmore College. He is one of the founders of Gestalt psychology. During World War I, he conducted original experiments on problem-solving in apes in the Canary Islands, and advocated prospective learning. Furthermore, based on his experiments on time illusion and figural aftereffect, he asserted the isomorphism between phenomena and brain processes, and published important works for the theoretical development of Gestalt psychology. His main works include Intelligenzprüfungen an Menschenaffen (1917), Gestalt Psychology (29), and The Place of Value in a World of Facts (38).

Kohler
Köhler, George J.F.

Born: April 17, 1946 in Munich
Died: March 1, 1995. Freiburg. German immunologist. Studied at the University of Freiburg and obtained his PhD in biology in 1974. After working at the Laboratory of Molecular Biology in Cambridge (1974-76) and the Basel Institute for Immunology in Switzerland (1976-84), he became head of the Immunobiology Department at the Max Planck Institute in 1984. In 1975, together with C. Milstein, he developed a method to obtain a single antibody (monoclonal antibody) by fusing lymphocytes and cancer cells, paving the way for the diagnosis and treatment of many diseases. Together with Milstein and N. K. Jahn, who established the basic theory of immunology, he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1984.

Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information

Japanese:
[生]1943.2.22. スキエルビエシュフ
ドイツの経済学者,政治家。大統領(在任 2004~10)。2000~04年には国際通貨基金 IMF専務理事を務めた。第2次世界大戦下のポーランドで生まれ,その直後に一家はソビエト連邦軍の侵攻から逃れるためドイツ(のちのドイツ民主共和国〈東ドイツ〉)に移住した。1953年にドイツ連邦共和国(西ドイツ)側に脱出。西ドイツのテュービンゲン大学で経済学と政治学の博士号を取得した。1969~76年に同大学の応用経済学研究所で助手を務めたのち官僚となる。1981年にキリスト教民主同盟に入党。1990年代初めには,コール政権下で財務省事務次官として,1990年のドイツ再統一(→ドイツ統一問題)に伴う財務計画策定に重要な役割を果たした。だが当時の最大の功績は,ドイツの責任者として,1991年のマーストリヒト条約締結に向けた困難な交渉を成功に導いたことだった。1993年ドイツ貯蓄銀行協会会長に就任。1998年にはヨーロッパ復興開発銀行 EBRD総裁に選ばれた。2000年3月23日に IMF専務理事に就任したが,トップとして基金の旧来の政策に対する数々の批判にさらされた。2001年には,情報収集の効率を高めて金融危機に備えるため,IMF内に国際資本市場局を新設すると発表した。ドイツ連邦会議で保守連合から大統領に選出され,2004年3月に IMF専務理事を辞任,同年 7月ドイツ大統領に就任。2009年に大統領再任を果たした。2010年5月,ラジオ番組のインタビューで,アフガニスタン派兵(→アフガニスタン紛争)など,ドイツの国益を守るため軍事介入が必要な場合もあると発言,批判を招いて,直後に引責辞任した。

ケーラー
Kähler, Martin

[生]1835.1.6. ノイハウゼン
[没]1912.9.7. ハレ
ドイツのプロテスタント神学者。ハレ大学講師 (1860) ,ボン大学助教授 (64) を経て,ハレ大学教授 (67) 。特に J.ベックの影響下に聖書主義的神学を立てた。 F.トールックの感化で信仰復興運動に関心をもち敬虔主義に近づいた。聖書理解における特色は,極端な主観主義と批判研究とに反対し,逐語霊感説にも一線を画して,信仰の確実性を把握しようとしたところにある。史的イエス der historische Jesusと歴史的キリスト der geschichtliche Christusを明確に区別し,現代神学に大きな影響を与えた。彼の弟子のうち代表的学者としては,K.ハイム,J.シュニービントがいる。主著"Das Gewissen I" (78) ,"Die Wissenschaft der christlichen Lehre" (83) ,"Der sogenannte historische Jesus und der geschichtliche biblische Christus" (92) ,"Dogmatische Zeitfragen" (3巻,98~1913) ,"Theologie und Christ" (26) ,"Geschichte der protestantischen Dogmatik im 19. Jahrhundert" (62) 。

ケーラー
Köhler, Wolfgang

[生]1887.1.21. タリン
[没]1967.6.11. ニューハンプシャー,エンフィールド
ドイツの心理学者。ゲッティンゲン大学教授を経てベルリン大学教授,ナチス政権に反対し渡米 (1935) 後はスワースモア大学教授。ゲシュタルト心理学の創始者の一人。第1次世界大戦中,カナリア諸島で類人猿の課題解決に関する独創的な実験を行い,見通し学習を提唱,さらに時間錯誤,図形残効などの実験から,現象と脳過程との同型説を主張するとともに,ゲシュタルト心理学の理論的発展のための重要な著作を発表した。主著『類人猿の知恵試験』 Intelligenzprüfungen an Menschenaffen (1917) ,『ゲシュタルト心理学』 Gestalt Psychology (29) ,『事実の世界における価値の位置』 The Place of Value in a World of Facts (38) 。

ケーラー
Köhler, George J. F.

[生]1946.4.17. ミュンヘン
[没]1995.3.1. フライブルク
ドイツの免疫学者。フライブルク大学で学び,1974年に生物学博士号を取得。ケンブリッジの分子生物学研究所 (1974~76) ,スイスのバーゼル免疫学研究所 (76~84) を経て 84年マックス・プランク研究所免疫生物学長に就任。 75年,C.ミルシュタインとともにリンパ球と癌細胞を融合させて単一の抗体 (モノクローナル抗体) を得る方法を開発,多くの病気の診断と治療に道を開いた。ミルシュタイン,免疫学の基礎理論を築いた N.K.ヤーンとともに 84年ノーベル生理学・医学賞を受賞。

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