Antihypertensives. Drugs used to treat hypertension with the aim of lowering blood pressure. Also called antihypertensives or antihypertensive drugs. Based on their mechanism of action, they are divided into antihypertensive diuretics, sympathetic nerve blocking agents, beta blockers, vasodilators, and renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system antagonists. Antihypertensive drugs began with antihypertensive diuretics, sympathetic nerve blocking agents, and beta blockers, and then evolved with the discovery of calcium channel blockers, which are vasodilators, and the development of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE-I), followed by angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs), and then the emergence of selective aldosterone antagonists and direct renin inhibitors. Currently, there are five types of first-choice antihypertensive drugs: calcium channel blockers, ARBs, ACE-Is, diuretics, and β-blockers. For combination therapy, recommended combinations include a calcium channel blocker with an ARB, an ACE-I, a diuretic, or a β-blocker, as well as an ARB and a diuretic, or an ACE-I and a diuretic. (1) Calcium antagonists (2) Angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs) (3) Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE-I) New drugs acting on the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, such as the selective aldosterone antagonist eplerenone and the direct renin inhibitor (DRI) aliskiren, have been developed. These drugs have attracted attention because their effectiveness is enhanced when used in combination with ARBs and ACE-Is. (4) Diuretics Diuretics that are applicable to hypertension include the thiazides trichloromethiazide, hydrochlorothiazide, and benzylhydrochlorothiazide, the long-acting thiazide indapamide, the loop diuretic furosemide, and the aldosterone antagonist spironolactone, but the thiazides are commonly used as first-choice drugs. (5) Beta-blockers, alpha-beta-blockers, and alpha-blockers Sympathetic nervous system blocking agents include clonidine, which acts on the central nervous system, methyldopa, and reserpine, which acts on the peripheral nervous system. However, all of these are historical drugs, and beta-blockers have dominated the market to date. Beta-blockers include atenolol, metoprolol, acebutolol, propranolol, pindolol, and carteolol, and are used for essential hypertension (mild to moderate), angina pectoris, and arrhythmia. Alpha-beta blockers include labetalol and carvedilol, and alpha blockers include prazosin and bunazosin. (6) Vasodilators These act directly on arterioles, relaxing and dilating vascular smooth muscle to lower blood pressure. Examples include hydralazine and budralazine, but they are used infrequently. (7) Combination tablets include combination tablets of an ARB and a calcium channel blocker (valsartan/amlodipine), (olmesartan/azelnidipine), an ARB and a diuretic (candesartan/hydrochlorothiazide), (telmisartan/hydrochlorothiazide), (losartan/hydrochlorothiazide), and a calcium channel blocker and a hyperlipidemic drug, an HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor (camlodipine/atorvastatin). [Fumiji Koho] Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
血圧降下剤。血圧を下げる目的で高血圧症の治療に用いられる薬剤。降圧薬、抗高血圧薬ともいう。 作用機序(メカニズム)から、降圧利尿薬、交感神経遮断(しゃだん)薬、β(ベータ)遮断薬、血管拡張薬、レニン・アンジオテンシン・アルドステロン系拮抗(きっこう)薬に分けられる。降圧薬は降圧利尿薬、交感神経遮断薬、β遮断薬からはじまり、血管拡張薬であるCa拮抗薬の発見とアンジオテンシン変換酵素阻害薬(ACE-I)の開発、次いでアンジオテンシンⅡ受容体拮抗薬(ARB)へと発展し、さらに選択的アルドステロン拮抗薬、直接的レニン阻害薬が新たに登場した。 現在、降圧療法の第一選択薬にはCa拮抗薬、ARB、ACE-I、利尿薬、β遮断薬の5種があり、併用療法ではCa拮抗薬にARB、ACE-I、利尿薬、β遮断薬をそれぞれ使用する組合せと、ARBと利尿薬、ACE-Iと利尿薬の組合せが推奨されている。 (1)Ca拮抗薬(Ca blocker) (2)アンジオテンシンⅡ受容体拮抗薬(ARB) (3)アンジオテンシン変換酵素阻害薬(ACE-I) レニン・アンジオテンシン・アルドステロン系に働く新しい薬剤に、選択的アルドステロン拮抗薬エプレレノン、直接的レニン阻害薬(DRI)アリスキレンが開発された。ARB、ACE-Iとの併用で効果が増大することから注目をあびている。 (4)利尿薬 (5)β遮断薬・α(アルファ)β遮断薬・α遮断薬 β遮断薬にはアテノロール、メトプロロール、アセブトロール、プロプラノロール、ピンドロール、カルテオロールなどがあり、本態性高血圧症(軽度~中等症)、狭心症、不整脈を適用としている。αβ遮断薬にはラベタロール、カルベジロールなどがあり、α遮断薬にはプラゾシン、ブナゾシンなどがある。 (6)血管拡張薬 (7)配合剤 [幸保文治] 出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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