Blood pressure monitor

Japanese: 血圧計 - けつあつけい
Blood pressure monitor

A general term for a device that measures blood pressure, also known as a pulse pressure meter. There are two methods for measuring blood pressure: direct and indirect.

Direct blood pressure measurement is a method of measuring blood pressure precisely by inserting a thin tube called a catheter directly into a blood vessel and connecting a pressure gauge to it. It has become widespread along with cardiac catheterization and is used for specialized examinations of the circulatory system. Pressure gauges using this method include those that receive pressure through a membrane, detect minute deflections of the membrane with a strain gauge (resistance wire strain gauge) and convert them into an electrical signal, and those that have a miniature pressure transducer attached to the tip of the catheter to prevent the characteristics of the catheter's ducting system from affecting the pressure measurement, especially deteriorating the frequency characteristics.

Indirect blood pressure measurement is a method of blood pressure measurement used in daily medical practice and at home. It involves indirectly compressing blood vessels with a cuff called a manchette, and estimating blood pressure from the pressure at which blood flow stops or some other indicator phenomenon is observed. Mercury or aneroid barometers are often used to measure pressure, but semiconductor pressure sensors are also becoming more common. A cuff is a flat rubber bag 13 cm wide and 22-24 cm long, placed inside a cloth belt, and it compresses the upper arm and brachial artery around which the cuff is wrapped by blowing air into it with an air supply balloon. When the pressure is gradually released, blood flow in the artery resumes, and if a stethoscope is placed on the cubital fossa at this time, Korotkov sounds (the sounds of the blood vessels when blood flow begins) can be heard. The appearance of these sounds indicates systolic blood pressure (maximum blood pressure), and their disappearance indicates diastolic blood pressure (minimum blood pressure). In contrast, oscillometric blood pressure monitors determine blood pressure from the change in the amplitude of the internal pressure of the cuff. First, the pressure of the cuff is released, and the internal pressure at which the amplitude of the internal pressure suddenly increases is the systolic blood pressure. Next, the point at which the amplitude of the internal pressure, which has increased with the reduction in pressure, suddenly decreases is the diastolic blood pressure. The internal pressure at the maximum amplitude is said to be equal to the mean blood pressure. Using a semiconductor pressure sensor to measure pressure is more resistant to noise than the auscultatory method, and is used for home electronic blood pressure monitors and continuous blood pressure measurement. There are large cuffs for the thigh (approximately) and small ones for children. Simple home blood pressure monitors that measure blood pressure on the wrist or finger are also commercially available. For indirect measurement of blood pressure in small laboratory animals, especially mice, a specially small cuff is used to apply pressure to the base of the tail and detect the pulsation at the tip of the tail.

Electronic blood pressure monitors detect Korotkoff sounds with a microphone built into the pressure cuff and display the air pressure at the start and end of pressure, or use an oscillometric method, and most of them use a digital display. In addition, air supply and exhaust are performed automatically by driving a pump with a small motor.

[Toshiyuki Furukawa]

"Edited by Satoshi Watanabe, ME Quick Q&A 3 - Sphygmomanometer, Cardiac Output Meter, Blood Flow Meter, Pulse Wave Meter, Blood Gas Analyzer, Cardiac Catheterization Test" (1988, Nanzando)

[References] | Aneroid barometer | Catheter | Blood pressure | Mercury barometer

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

血圧を測定する装置の総称で、脈圧計ともいう。測定法には直接法と間接法とがある。

 直接法血圧測定とは、血管の中にカテーテルとよばれる細管を直接挿入し、これに圧力計を接続して精密な血圧を測定するもので、心臓カテーテル法とともに普及して、循環器での専門的な検査に用いられている。この方法による圧力計には、圧を膜で受け、膜の微少な偏位をストレンゲージ(抵抗線ひずみ計)などで検出して電気信号に変えるものや、カテーテルの導管系の特性が圧測定に影響し、とくに周波数特性を劣化させるのを防ぐために、カテーテルの先端に超小形の圧変換器を取り付けたものがある。

 間接法血圧測定とは、日常の診療や家庭で使われる血圧計の方式である。これは、マンシェットManschetteとよばれる圧迫帯で血管を間接に圧迫し、血流が停止するか、なんらかの目安になる現象がみられるときの圧迫圧から血圧を推定する。圧測定には水銀気圧計、またはアネロイド気圧計が使われることが多いが、半導体圧センサーも増えている。圧迫帯は、幅13センチメートル、長さ22~24センチメートルの扁平(へんぺい)なゴム袋を布製の帯の中に納めたもので、送気球で空気を送り込むことによって圧迫帯を巻き付けた上腕部と上腕動脈を圧迫する。圧力を徐々に緩めると、動脈の血流が再開し、このとき聴診器を肘窩(ちゅうか)部に当てるとコロトコフKorotkov音(血流が流れ始める瞬間の血管音)が聞こえる。この音の出現するときが収縮期血圧(最高血圧)、消失するときが拡張期血圧(最低血圧)である。これに対し、オシロメトリック式血圧計は圧迫帯の内圧の振幅変化から判定する。まず圧迫帯の圧を緩め、内圧振幅が急に大きくなるときの内圧を収縮期血圧とする。次に減圧とともに増大した内圧振幅が急に小さくなる点を拡張期血圧とする。最大振幅時の内圧は平均血圧に等しいといわれる。圧測定に半導体圧センサーを使うと聴診法より雑音に強く、家庭用電子血圧計や連続血圧測定に用いられる。圧迫帯には大腿(だいたい)部用の大きいもの、小児用の小さいものがある。なお、家庭用の血圧計として手首や指で計る簡単なものも市販されている。また、小形の実験動物、とくにネズミの血圧の間接測定には尾の付け根を特別に小さな圧迫帯により圧迫し、尾部先端の拍動を検出する方法がある。

 電子血圧計は、コロトコフ音を圧迫帯に組み込んだマイクロホンで検知し、それぞれ、開始時、消失時の気圧を表示するか、オシロメトリック法を採用しており、ほとんどデジタル表示が用いられている。また、送気と排気も小形モーターでポンプを自動的に駆動して行う。

[古川俊之]

『渡辺敏編集『ME早わかりQ&A 3――血圧計・心拍出量計・血流計・脈波計・血液ガス分析装置・心臓カテーテル検査』(1988・南江堂)』

[参照項目] | アネロイド気圧計 | カテーテル | 血圧 | 水銀気圧計

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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