Longitude - Keido

Japanese: 経度 - けいど
Longitude - Keido

Along with latitude, it is a directional quantity used to indicate the location of a point on Earth. The longitude of a point on Earth is the angle between a plane (meridian plane) that includes the meridian (a line of intersection between a plane including the Earth's axis and the Earth's surface, called a longitude line) that passes through that point and a plane that includes the prime meridian (longitude 0 degrees) that passes through the Greenwich Observatory in London. The prime meridian is set as longitude 0 degrees, and from there, it is divided eastward and westward up to 180 degrees east and 180 degrees west, respectively. Since the Earth rotates approximately 360 degrees in 24 hours, the angle of rotation is proportional to the elapsed time. In other words, 15 degrees of longitude is equivalent to 1 hour, 15 minutes of longitude is equivalent to 1 minute, and 15 seconds of longitude is equivalent to 1 second.

Like latitude, longitude is also defined as geocentric longitude, geographic longitude (geodetic longitude), and astronomical longitude. Of these, astronomical longitude is determined by observing the time when a star passes over the meridian, and is obtained using an instrument that uses a vertical line at that point as a reference. Geodetic longitude (latitude) is determined by selecting a reference point (origin) for each country or region, and using the astronomical longitude (latitude) and altitude of this origin and the World Geodetic System.

There is usually a small difference between the values ​​of astronomical longitude and geodetic longitude, and this difference is called the vertical deviation of the longitude.

Thanks to improvements in space geodetic technology and the accuracy of atomic clocks, as well as the ability to precisely determine the shape and size of the Earth, since 1988 anyone with a Global Positioning System (GPS) receiver has been able to easily determine longitude and latitude.

[Masami Ichikawa and Kojiro Wakao]

"The Longitude Challenge: Four Hundred Years in a Second" by Deva Sobel, translated by Rumi Fujii (1997, Shoeisha)

[References] | Latitude | Atomic Clock | Meridian | Global Positioning System

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

緯度とともに、地球上のある地点の位置を示すために用いられる方向量。地球上のある地点の経度とは、その点を通る子午線(地軸を含む平面と地表との交線で、経線という)を含む平面(子午面)と、ロンドンのグリニジ天文台を通る本初子午線(経度0度)を含む平面とのなす角度である。本初子午線を経度0度とし、そこから東、西にそれぞれ東経180度、西経180度まで区分される。地球は24時間でほぼ360度回転するので、その回転角度と経過時間は比例する。すなわち、経度15度は1時間、経度15分は1分、経度15秒は1秒に相当する。

 経度も、緯度と同じように地心経度、地理経度(測地経度)、天文経度が定義される。このうち、恒星の子午線通過時刻を観測して決めた経度が天文経度で、その地点の鉛直線を基準にする器械によって求められる。国または地域ごとに基準地点(原点)を選び、この原点の天文経(緯)度および高さと、世界測地系を用いて決めるのが測地経(緯)度である。

 天文経度と測地経度の値にはわずかの違いがあるのが普通で、その差を経度の鉛直線偏差という。

 宇宙測地技術と原子時計の精度向上および地球の形状と大きさが精密に決定されるようになったため、1988年以降は一般の人でも全地球測位システム(GPS)の受信機があれば、簡単に経緯度を求めることが可能になった。

[市川正巳・若生康二郎]

『デーヴァ・ソベル著、藤井留美訳『経度への挑戦 一秒にかけた四百年』(1997・翔泳社)』

[参照項目] | 緯度 | 原子時計 | 子午線 | 全地球測位システム

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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