Measures taken to control, restrict, freeze, or reduce armaments in order to prevent an unlimited arms race and maintain stability in the international community. Distinct from disarmament, which is primarily about arms reduction. In the 1960s, the United States and other nations came up with the idea of maintaining world peace and security by pursuing a stable balance of armaments, against the backdrop of the emergence of weapons of mass destruction such as nuclear weapons, chemical and biological weapons, and missiles after World War II. Major arms control treaties based on this idea include multilateral treaties such as the Antarctic Treaty, the Biological and Toxic Weapons Convention, and the South Pacific Nuclear-Free Zone Treaty, as well as bilateral treaties such as the Treaty on Limitation of Underground Nuclear Tests between the United States and the Soviet Union, and the Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty. These measures are structural arms control, which restricts the number and deployment of military forces, while confidence-building measures and the Open Skies Treaty are operational arms control, which restrict the movement and intention of military forces while leaving the composition of the forces unchanged. Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information |
軍備を規制,制限,凍結,削減するなど管理することによって無制限な軍拡競争を抑制し,国際社会の安定を維持するためにとられる措置。軍備削減を第一義とする軍縮と区別される。第2次世界大戦後における核兵器,化学・生物兵器,ミサイルなど大量破壊兵器の出現を背景に,1960年代にアメリカを中心にして,軍備の安定的均衡の追求によって世界の平和と安全の維持をはかろうとする考え方が生れた。こうした考えに基づくおもな軍備管理条約には,南極条約,生物兵器毒素兵器禁止条約,南太平洋非核地帯条約などの多数国間条約,米ソ間の地下核実験制限条約,戦略兵器削減条約などの二国間条約がある。これらの措置は戦力の数や配備を規制する,いわば構造的軍備管理 structual arms controlであるのに対して,信頼醸成措置やオープンスカイズ条約などのように戦力構成はそのままにして動きや意図を規制する,いわば運用的軍備管理 operational arms controlの考え方がある。
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