Monarchy

Japanese: 君主制 - くんしゅせい
Monarchy

Also called monarchy. Generally, a political form in which a hereditary monarch holds supreme power (sovereignty) in a political community. There were many such forms before the civil revolutions of the 17th and 18th centuries.

Since rule by a monarch is the rule of one person, in English this monarchy is called a monarchy. As Aristotle's classification shows, monarchy is one of the oldest forms of government in history, along with aristocracy, where a small number of nobles rule, and democracy, where the people rule themselves. Typical examples are ancient autocratic states, states ruled by feudal lords, absolutist states under absolute monarchs, constitutional monarchies such as the United Kingdom in modern times, and monarchical monarchies such as those seen in Russia and Prussia before the Russian Revolution and the German Revolution, and Japan from the Meiji Restoration to the end of World War II. Now, after World War II, there are very few countries that still have monarchies, such as the United Kingdom, the three Nordic countries, the three Benelux countries, Monaco, and Japan. Moreover, in most of these countries the monarchy has a symbolic status, so there are almost no monarchies like those that have existed in history. Therefore, these countries can actually be said to have democratic republican characteristics.

So why did the monarchy decline and change in this way? This question is closely related to the establishment of modern capitalism. Harrington states that monarchy was an appropriate form of government when the monarch owned most of the land in the country, but in the mid-17th century in England, the middle class yeoman class came to own most of the land, and a political movement for a democratic form of government arose. This point is interesting as it explains the situation at the time of the civil revolution, when the middle class aimed to seize real political power as a result of the contradiction that arose between the rise of the middle class and the absolute rule of the monarch. However, the civil revolution did not immediately abolish the monarchy in England, and the monarch's position gradually changed to a symbolic one over the next three centuries. That is, after the Glorious Revolution, the idea that the parliament with legislative power has the highest power and therefore takes precedence over the king with executive power became established, and in the 18th century, the cabinet based on the parliament took control of the de facto executive power, and the democratic political practice of "reigning but not ruling" was established. Furthermore, through several reforms of the electoral law from the 19th century to the 20th century, universal suffrage was implemented and the absolute superiority of the House of Commons was established, and the symbolic status of the monarch was declared in the Statute of Westminster in 1931, and the democratization of the monarchy completed the democratic state of Britain. As Bagehot says, the reason why the monarch was allowed to continue in Britain was because the political function of the monarch with his dignity for the unity of the people was emphasized.

However, in countries like Germany, Russia, and Japan, which became capitalist later, the absolute power of the monarch was used as leverage to enrich the country and strengthen the military, and the monarchies in these countries adopted an extremely feudal, reactionary, and undemocratic political form that suppressed human rights and freedom, and were severely criticized both at home and abroad. However, a socialist state was born in Russia as a result of the Russian Revolution, and in Germany, the Weimar Republic emerged after the German Revolution, and the infamous monarchy feared under the names of Tsar and Kaiser disappeared. Germany, however, suffered the tragedy of Hitler's dictatorship after 1933, but after the defeat in the war, a democratic republic was born in West Germany and a socialist state in East Germany, but in 1990, East and West Germany were unified to become the Federal Republic of Germany.

In the case of Japan, a democratic state based on the principles of popular sovereignty, pacifism, and respect for basic human rights was finally established after the Second World War with the establishment of the Constitution of Japan. Under this Constitution, the Emperor was positioned as a symbol of the unity of Japan and the Japanese people without political authority, but this can be seen as an attempt to follow the path of British-style democracy, with the Emperor as a symbol with the political function of uniting the people and establishing a democratic state through the democratization of the monarchy.

[Hiroshi Tanaka]

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

王制ともいう。一般には、世襲の君主が、ある政治共同体において最高権力(主権)をもつ政治形態。17、18世紀の市民革命前には多数みられた。

 君主による統治は1人支配であるから、英語ではこの君主制をモナーキーmonarchy(ただ1人の支配)とよぶ。君主制はアリストテレスの分類にもあるように、少数の貴族が支配する貴族制(アリストクラシー)、国民が自ら統治する民主制(デモクラシー)とともに歴史上もっとも古くからある政体の一種である。古代の専制国家、封建諸侯の支配した国家、絶対君主治下の絶対主義国家、近代以降ではイギリスのような立憲君主制、またロシア革命、ドイツ革命以前のロシア、プロイセン、明治維新から第二次世界大戦終結までの日本にみられたような君主専治的な君主制がその典型例。第二次大戦後の現在では、君主の存続する国は、イギリス、北欧三国、ベネルックス三国、モナコ、日本などその数はごく少なく、しかも、そのほとんどの国々において君主は象徴的地位にあるから、歴史上かつて存在したような君主制は皆無に近く、したがって、それらの国々も実際には民主共和制的性格をもつ国家といえよう。

 では、なぜ君主制はこのように衰退し変容したのであろうか。この問題に関しては、近代資本主義の成立と密接な関係がある。ハリントンは、君主がその国の土地の大部分を所有している場合、君主制は適合的な政体であったが、17世紀中ごろのイングランドでは土地の大半を中産ヨーマン層が所有するに至ったため民主制的政体を求める政治運動が起こった、と述べている。この指摘は、中産市民階級の台頭と君主の絶対的統治との間に矛盾が生じた結果、中産市民階級が政治の実権を握ることを目ざした市民革命当時の状況を説明したものとして興味深い。もっとも、市民革命によっても、イギリスでただちに君主制が廃絶されたわけではなく、その後、3世紀ほどかけて、しだいに君主の地位を象徴的なものへと変えていったのである。すなわち、この国では、名誉革命後に、立法権をもつ議会に最高権力があり、それゆえに議会が行政権をもつ国王に優位するという考えが定着し、続く18世紀中に、議会に基盤を置く内閣が事実上の行政権を掌握し、ここに、「君臨すれども統治せず」という民主主義的な政治慣行が確定されていく。さらには19世紀から20世紀にかけての数次の選挙法改正を通じて普通選挙制が実施され下院の絶対的優位が確立するとともに、1931年のウェストミンスター憲章において君主の象徴的地位が宣言されるなかで、君主制の民主化による民主主義国イギリスが完成されていったのである。このようにイギリスにおいて君主の存続が認められたのは、バジョットがいうように、尊厳的性格をもつ君主の国民統合のための政治的機能を重視したことによる。

 ところで、遅れて資本主義国家となったドイツ、ロシア、日本のような国々では、君主の絶対的権力をてこにして富国強兵策が図られたため、これらの国々における君主制は、人権と自由を抑圧するきわめて封建的・反動的・非民主的な政治形態をとることになり、国内外から厳しい批判を受けた。しかしロシアではロシア革命によって社会主義国が誕生し、ドイツではドイツ革命後ワイマール共和国が出現し、ツァー、カイザーの名称で恐れられた悪名高い君主制は消滅した。もっともドイツでは1933年以降、ヒトラーの独裁政治という悲劇を招いたが、これも敗戦によって、西ドイツに民主共和国が、東ドイツに社会主義国が誕生したが、90年には東西ドイツが統一してドイツ連邦共和国となった。

 日本の場合は、第二次大戦後、日本国憲法が制定されたことによって、国民主権主義、平和主義、基本的人権の尊重を原則とする民主主義国家がようやく成立した。ここでは、天皇は政治的権限をもたない日本国および日本国民統合の象徴として位置づけられたが、その趣旨は、君主制の民主化による民主主義国家の確立、国民統合の政治的機能をもつ象徴としての天皇というイギリス型民主政治の道を志向したものと考えてよいであろう。

[田中 浩]

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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