Kropotkin (English notation) Pyotr Alekseevich Kropotkin

Japanese: クロポトキン - くろぽときん(英語表記)Пётр Алексеевич Кропоткин/Pyotr Alekseevich Kropotkin
Kropotkin (English notation) Pyotr Alekseevich Kropotkin

Russian revolutionary, anarchist theorist, sociologist, geographer, and biologist. Born into a ducal family, he graduated from the Central Children's School (1862). He served as an officer in the Amur Cossack Army, and participated in the Russian Geographical Society's Northeast Asian Expedition from 1864 to 1866. He left the army in 1867 and studied physics and mathematics at the University of St. Petersburg. In January 1872, he visited Belgium and then Switzerland, where he met the anarchist leader Bakunin and joined the Bakunin faction of the International. In May of the same year, he returned to Russia and joined Nikolai Tchaikovsky's circle, carrying out propaganda activities among workers in the capital, St. Petersburg. He was arrested and imprisoned in 1874, but escaped from the prison hospital and fled the country, living in exile for over 40 years.

In 1879, he published the newspaper "Revolte" in Geneva. He was expelled from Switzerland in 1881, and sentenced to five years in prison in Lyon in 1883, but was released due to the support of French public opinion. He then went to England, where he lived in the suburbs of London and promoted the anarchist communist movement, and wrote many books, including "The Conquest of Bread" (1892), "Anarchy - Its Philosophy and Ideals" (1896), and "Mutual Aid, a Cause of Evolution" (1902). In these books, he opposed the idea of ​​the struggle for existence within species as advocated by Darwin, and painted a vision of a society based on mutual aid and the voluntary union of producers. He returned to Russia in June 1917, but opposed the Soviet government after the October Revolution, its idea of ​​the dictatorship of the proletariat, and criticized Bolshevism as a new Jacobinism. He died in Moscow on February 8, 1921.

[Tsuguo Tonokawa]

"Notes of a Revolutionary, by Kropotkin, translated by Ichiro Takasugi, 2 volumes (Iwanami Bunko) " "The Ideal and Reality of Russian Literature, by Kropotkin, translated by Ichiro Takasugi, 2 volumes (Iwanami Bunko)"

[References] | Anarchism | Bread Snatching

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

ロシアの革命家、アナキズム(無政府主義)の理論家、社会学者、地理学者、生物学者。公爵の家柄に生まれ、中央幼年学校を卒業(1862)。士官としてアムール・コサック軍に勤務し、1864年から1866年にかけてロシア地理学協会の北東アジア探検隊に参加した。1867年退役してペテルブルグ大学の物理・数学科に学ぶ。1872年1月ベルギー、ついでスイスを訪れ、この地でアナキズムの指導者バクーニンと知り合い、インターナショナルのバクーニン派に加わった。同年5月ロシアに帰ってニコライ・チャイコフスキーのサークルに加盟し、首都ペテルブルグの労働者の間で宣伝活動を行った。1874年逮捕、投獄されたが、監獄病院から脱出し、国外に逃れ、以後40年以上にわたって亡命生活を送る。

 1879年ジュネーブで新聞『レボルテ』を発行。1881年スイスから追放され、1883年リヨンで禁錮(きんこ)5年の判決を受けたが、フランスの世論の支持で釈放された。こののちイギリスに渡り、ロンドン郊外に住んでアナキズム的共産主義の運動を推進し、『パンの略取』(1892)、『無政府――その哲学と理想』(1896)、『相互扶助論、進化の一要因』(1902)など多くの著書を著した。これらのなかで彼は、ダーウィンの主張した種内における生存競争の考えに反対し、相互扶助と生産者の自発的な連合に基づいた社会のビジョンを描いた。1917年6月ロシアに帰国したが、十月革命以後のソビエト政権に対しては、そのプロレタリアート独裁の考えに反対し、ボリシェビズムを新しいジャコバン主義として批判した。1921年2月8日モスクワで死去。

[外川継男]

『クロポトキン著、高杉一郎訳『ある革命家の手記』全2冊(岩波文庫)』『クロポトキン著、高杉一郎訳『ロシア文学の理想と現実』全2冊(岩波文庫)』

[参照項目] | アナキズム | パンの略取

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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