German architect. Born in Berlin. Studied architecture at the Technical University of Munich and the Technical University of Berlin-Charlottenburg. Joined the office of Peter Behrens in Berlin in 1907, and became independent in 1910. Together with his collaborator Adolf Meyer, he completed the Fagus shoe factory (1911), followed by the model factory and offices for the Deutsche Werkbund exhibition in Cologne (1914), setting the stage for the "International Architecture" style of architectural design that he himself later advocated. In 1919, he founded the new-style design school "Bauhaus" in Weimar and became its principal, pioneering completely new horizons in 20th-century architecture, design and modelling education. The school moved to Dessau in 1925, and the new building was also designed by Gropius. In 1928, he resigned as principal and returned to Berlin, where he devoted himself to the design of mid- to high-rise slab-type apartment buildings as new residential facilities for modern cities, as well as to the research and implementation of their rational layout plans. With the establishment of the Nazi regime in 1933, he travelled to England in 1934, leaving several works there that had a strong influence, and in 1937 he defected to the United States and became a professor at the Department of Architecture at Harvard University. There he further developed the educational philosophy that had existed since the Bauhaus, and also formed the design group "T.A.C." with young architects, completing many works including the Harvard Graduate Center (1950), and also collaborating with P. Bruschi to build the Pan Am Building in New York (1957). He died in Boston. In the industrialized society of the 20th century, he demonstrated his extraordinary foresight and ability to act, pioneering the establishment of new ideals that were needed, and concretely demonstrating the fundamental methods for realizing them. In this respect, he can be said to have been a brilliant enlightener and a born educator. [Takashi Hasegawa] "The Creation of Living Space" by Gropius, translated by Kurata Chikatada and Togawa Keiichi (1960, Shokokusha) " "Apollo of Democracy: The Cultural Responsibility of Architects" by Gropius, translated by Kirishiki Shinjiro (1972, Shokokusha) [References] |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
ドイツの建築家。ベルリンに生まれる。ミュンヘン工科大学とベルリン・シャルロッテンブルク工科大学で建築を学ぶ。1907年ベルリンのペーター・ベーレンスの事務所に入り、10年に独立した。協同者アドルフ・マイヤーとともに、ファグス靴工場(1911)、続いてケルンのドイツ工作連盟展のモデル工場および事務所(1914)を完成して、のちに彼自身が主唱した「国際建築」様式の建築デザインに先鞭(せんべん)をつけた。 1919年、ワイマールに新形式のデザイン学校「バウハウス」を設立して校長に就任し、20世紀の建築、デザイン、造型教育にまったく新しい地平を開拓した。同校は25年デッサウに移転し、新校舎もグロピウスが設計した。28年、校長を辞任してベルリンへ帰り、そこで現代都市における新しい居住施設としての中高層スラブ状集合住宅の設計、およびその合理的配置計画の研究と実施に没頭した。 1933年ナチス政権の成立により、34年イギリスへ渡り、その地にいくつかの作品を残して強い影響を与え、さらに37年アメリカへ亡命してハーバード大学建築学科の教授となった。ここでバウハウス以来の教育理念をさらに展開すると同時に、若い建築家たちと設計集団「T・A・C」を結成して、ハーバード大学大学院センター(1950)をはじめ数多くの作品を完成させ、またP・ブルスキと協同でニューヨークにパンナム・ビル(1957)を建てた。ボストンに没。 工業化する20世紀の社会において、彼は特別の予見力と実行力によって、必要とされる新しい理念を他に先駆けて打ち立て、その実現のための原理的な方法を具体的に提示してみせた。この点において、彼は優れた啓蒙(けいもう)者であり、また生来の教育者であったともいえよう。 [長谷川堯] 『グロピウス著、蔵田周忠・戸川敬一訳『生活空間の創造』(1960・彰国社)』▽『グロピウス著、桐敷真次郎訳『デモクラシーのアポロン――建築家の文化的責任』(1972・彰国社)』 [参照項目] |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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