Kurume Kasuri

Japanese: 久留米絣 - くるめがすり
Kurume Kasuri

Kurume City, Fukuoka Prefecture, is the center of cotton kasuri textiles, and they are woven in Mizuma County, Yame County, Ukiha City, and Mii County. Originally, this region was a cotton-growing area, and textile production was carried out as a side job by farmers. However, in the latter half of the Edo period, when new cotton weaving techniques were introduced from the south and spread to various regions, the region was influenced by them, and spread through the efforts of Inoue Den and others. The center of this was indigo dyeing, and he played a major role. Inoue Den should be recognized for spreading the new techniques and working to improve them, and Tanaka Hisashige and Otsuka Taizo, who cooperated with him, also contributed greatly. Kurume kasuri became famous when soldiers who participated in the Seinan War (1877) brought it back, but in order to increase sales, they used chemical dyes that did not dye well, which sometimes drew criticism. However, the area has developed through mechanized mass production and quality improvements, and is now one of the three major cotton kasuri production areas, along with Bingo (Hiroshima) and Iyo (Ehime), competing for the top spot.

In the manufacturing process, the kasuri portion is first hand-tied with araso (the outer layer of hemp) and dyed with indigo. This dyeing method has been mechanized, and some use machine tying or weaving machines. Indigo dyeing has also shifted to chemical dyes, and the use of natural indigo has become rare. Weaving was initially done on an izaribata loom, but as kasuri became more popular, this was replaced by takahata looms and battan looms, which have shorter looms, and more power looms are used. However, hand looms must be used for complex patterns, as the kasuri tends to fall apart. Generally, many patterns are woven, from simple geometric designs to auspicious designs such as cranes and turtles, but futon patterns in particular are unique, with large patterned feather patterns woven across the entire width. Nowadays, high-quality fabrics are used for everyday clothing, while lower-quality fabrics are mainly used for work clothes.

In order to preserve these traditional techniques, the area has been designated an Important Intangible Cultural Property of Japan, and there are skilled craftsmen in each of the three areas: rough hemp tying, indigo dyeing, and hand weaving.

[Kadoyama Yukihiro]

"Kurume Kasuri" (1911), compiled and published by Kunitake Partnership Company ; "Hakata Ori and Kurume Kasuri" by Takeno Yoko (included in "Japanese Industrial History Series 8", 1960, University of Tokyo Press) ; "Kurume Gasuri no Uta" (1981, Obunsha), by Iwasaki Kyoko

[Reference] | Inoue Biography
Kurume Kasuri
Nationally designated important intangible cultural property Kurume City, Fukuoka Prefecture © Fukuoka Prefecture Tourism Federation

Kurume Kasuri

Kurume Kasuri (woven pattern)
Nationally designated important intangible cultural property Kurume City, Fukuoka Prefecture ©Shogakukan ">

Kurume Kasuri (woven pattern)


Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

福岡県久留米市を中心として、三潴(みずま)郡、八女(やめ)郡、うきは市、三井(みい)郡にわたって織られている木綿の絣織物。もともとこの地方は木綿栽培地であり、農家の副業として織物生産が行われていたが、江戸時代の後期に、木綿の織りの新技法が南方から渡来し、各地に伝えられたとき、その影響を受け、井上伝(でん)らの努力によって広まっていった。その中心は紺染屋で、その果たした役割は大きかった。井上伝は、新技法を広め、改良に努めたことが認められるべきで、それに協力した田中久重(ひさしげ)や大塚太蔵(たいぞう)の功績もある。久留米絣として名が高まったのは、西南戦争(1877)に参加した兵士が持ち帰ったときからであるが、売行き増加のため、染着の悪い化学染料を用い、不評を招いたこともあった。しかし、機械化による大量生産と品質改良で発展を遂げ、備後(びんご)(広島)、伊予(愛媛)とともに三大木綿絣生産地の一つとして、首位を競っている。

 製造工程は、まず絣の部分を荒麻(あらそ)(麻の表皮)で手くくりし、藍(あい)染めされる。この防染方法は機械化され、機械くくりや織貫(おりぬき)機を用いるものがある。そして藍染めも化学染料へと転換し、天然藍を使うものは少なくなってしまった。製織は、初め居座機(いざりばた)を用いていたが、絣の盛行につれ、機台の短い高機(たかはた)やバッタン機へかわり、動力織機によるものも多くなった。しかし、複雑な柄(がら)では絣くずれがするため、手織り機を使わねばならない。一般に簡単な幾何学模様から鶴(つる)・亀(かめ)などの吉祥(きちじょう)模様まで多くの柄に織られるが、とくにふとん柄は、その幅いっぱいに大柄の絵羽(えば)模様が織り出される独特のものであった。現在では、高級品は普段着としての着尺地に、下級品はおもに労働着として使われる。

 この伝統的技術を保存するため、国の重要無形文化財の指定を受けており、荒麻くくり、藍染め、手織りの作業にそれぞれ技術保持者がいる。

[角山幸洋]

『国武合名会社編・刊『久留米絣』(1911)』『武野要子著「博多織と久留米絣」(『日本産業史大系8』所収・1960・東京大学出版会)』『岩崎京子著『久留米がすりのうた』(1981・旺文社)』

[参照項目] | 井上伝
久留米絣
国指定重要無形文化財 福岡県久留米市©公益社団法人福岡県観光連盟">

久留米絣

久留米絣(織紋)
国指定重要無形文化財 福岡県久留米市©Shogakukan">

久留米絣(織紋)


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