In quantum field theory, the incorporation of effects such as field reactions and vacuum polarization into mass and charge is called mass/charge renormalization. The method of constructing a theory using renormalized mass and charge (or coupling constants) is called renormalization theory or renormalization method. Due to the requirements of the principle of relativity, only proximity action is permitted for the transmission of force, which is expressed as the propagation of a field (something that carries wave motion). According to quantum theory, waves are also particles. In this way, the world of relativistic quantum mechanics (the world of elementary particles) is described by quantum field theory. A theory in which a field interacts locally (at a point) with itself or with other fields is called a local interaction theory. The requirements of relativity only permit local interactions. In quantum field theory, due to field reactions, vacuum polarization, etc., the mass and charge of a particle when these effects are ignored (called bare quantities) are not directly observed, and quantities that include these effects (renormalized quantities) appear. For this reason, it would be convenient if a theory could be constructed using only renormalized quantities. The method for doing this is renormalization theory. Formally, this is possible in any theory. In local interaction theory, there is no limit to the frequency of the field that effectively contributes to reaction and polarization, so it diverges and becomes invalid as a theory. This is called the difficulty of divergence in field theory. However, in quantum electrodynamics (QED), this type of divergence only appears in the relationship between bare mass and charge and their renormalized quantities. Therefore, if we assume that the renormalized quantities can be calculated finitely and create a theory using the renormalized quantities, we will have a theory without divergence. This fact was discovered independently by Shinichiro Tomonaga and J. Schwinger. When a theory expressed in terms of renormalized mass and charge, such as QED, does not contain divergence, it is called a renormalizable theory because it is possible to renormalize the divergence that appears in the theory into mass and charge. The Weinberg-Salam theory and quantum chromodynamics (QCD), which is the dynamics of quarks, are renormalizable. Although there is no divergence in condensed matter theory, the idea of renormalization theory has achieved great results. [Toshihide Maskawa] [References] | | | | | | | | | | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
場の量子論において、場の反作用と真空の分極などの効果を質量や電荷に取り入れることを質量・電荷のくりこみという。くりこまれた質量・電荷(または結合常数)を使って理論を構成する処法をくりこみ理論または再規格化法という。 相対性原理の要請により力の伝達は近接作用しか許されず、それは場(波動を担うもの)の伝播(でんぱ)として表現される。また量子論によれば波動は粒子でもある。このようにして相対論的量子力学の世界(素粒子の世界)は場の量子論によって記述される。場が局所的に(点で)自己または他の場と影響を及ぼし合っている理論を局所相互作用理論とよぶ。相対論の要請は局所相互作用しか許さない。 場の量子論においては、場の反作用、真空の分極などのため、これらの効果を無視したときの粒子の質量・電荷(裸の量とよぶ)は直接観測にかかることはなく、これらの効果を含めた(くりこんだ)量が現れる。このゆえに、くりこまれた量のみを使って理論が構成できれば便利である。これを行う処法がくりこみ理論である。形式的には任意の理論において可能である。局所相互作用理論においては、反作用・分極に有効に寄与する場の振動数に限度がないため発散して、理論として成立しなくなる。これを場の理論の発散の困難という。しかし、量子電磁力学(QED)においては、この種の発散は裸の質量・電荷と、それらのくりこまれた量の間の関係にしか現れない。ゆえに、くりこまれた量が有限に計算できたと仮定して、くりこまれた量で理論をつくれば、発散のない理論ができあがる。この事実を朝永(ともなが)振一郎とJ・シュウィンガーが独立に発見した。QEDのようにくりこんだ質量・電荷で表した理論が発散を含まないとき、理論に現れた発散を質量と電荷にくりこむことが可能であることから、くりこみ可能な理論とよぶ。ワインバーグ‐サラムの理論、クォークの力学である量子色(いろ)力学(QCD)はくりこみ可能である。物性理論においては発散はないが、くりこみ理論の考え方が大きな成果をあげている。 [益川敏英] [参照項目] | | | | | | | | | | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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