A general term for a substance formed by the accumulation and solidification of excrement from seabirds that live in the sea or on coastal islands. It can also be formed from the excrement or carcasses of cave-dwelling bats, and is sometimes called bat guano to distinguish it from other types. Both are mainly composed of calcium, sodium, potassium, magnesium, and ammonia-based hydrated phosphate minerals, and are often found in geology consisting of calcareous rocks. Depending on the rock quality, aluminum and iron may also be added in addition to the above components. Many of the constituent minerals are soluble in weak acids, and a small amount also dissolves in water, so they are used as phosphate fertilizers. Peru and South Africa are famous as producers of guano, and bat guano from Western Australia has been studied in detail. The etymology of guano is said to come from kuanu, a Quechua word from the Inca that means feces that can be used as fertilizer. [Akira Kato] fertilizerThere are three types: (1) nitrogenous guano, (2) phosphate guano, and (3) bat guano. (1) is an organic fertilizer made in arid regions with little rainfall and has long been known as Peruvian guano. It is famous as the oldest commercially available fertilizer, and was actively mined and exported in the first half of the 19th century. Nitrogenous guano is standardized as a normal fertilizer, containing 13-16% nitrogen, 8-11% phosphorus, and 1.6-2.5% potassium, and is mixed with the soil when applied. (2) is formed in high-temperature areas in the South Seas where there is a lot of rainfall and the parent rock is calcium carbonate. Most of the nitrogen is washed away by the rain, and only the phosphate reacts with the calcium carbonate in the parent rock, precipitating and depositing as sparingly soluble tricalcium phosphate. Although it contains a lot of phosphate, it is designated as a special fertilizer because its quality is diverse and its value does not depend solely on the content of the main component. (3) is an accumulation of bat excrement and carcasses, which also contains a lot of phosphate and is designated as a special fertilizer. [Yuki Koyama] [Reference] | | | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
海中や海岸の島に生息する海鳥の排泄(はいせつ)物の堆積(たいせき)固化によって生成された物質の総称。洞窟(どうくつ)に生息するコウモリの排泄物や死体から生成されることもあり、バットグアノと称して区別されることもある。どちらもカルシウム、ナトリウム、カリウム、マグネシウム、アンモニア基などの含水リン酸塩鉱物を主とした集合で、石灰質の岩石からなる地質の場合によく発達する。岩石の岩質によっては、上記成分以外にアルミニウムや鉄が加わることもある。構成鉱物の多くは弱酸に可溶で、水にも少量は溶解するため、リン酸肥料として用いられる。グアノの産地としては、ペルー、南アフリカ共和国などが有名であり、バットグアノの例としては、西オーストラリアのものが詳しく研究されている。グアノの語源は、インカのケチュア人のことばで肥料となる糞(ふん)を意味するクアヌkuanuに由来するとされる。 [加藤 昭] 肥料(1)窒素質グアノ、(2)リン酸質グアノ、(3)バットグアノの3種類がある。 (1)は降雨量の少ない乾燥地でできたもので、古くからペルー・グアノの名で親しまれてきた有機質肥料である。これはもっとも古い販売肥料として有名で、19世紀前半には盛んに採掘、輸出された。窒素質グアノは普通肥料として規格化されており、窒素13~16%、リン酸8~11%、カリ1.6~2.5%を含み、施用にあたっては土壌と混和させる。 (2)は降雨量の多い、母岩が炭酸石灰である南洋方面の高温地帯でできたもの。窒素は大部分雨で流出し、リン酸分だけが母岩の炭酸石灰に作用して、難溶性のリン酸三石灰として沈殿堆積する。リン酸を多く含むが、品質が多様でその価値が主成分の含有量のみに依存しない特殊肥料に指定されている。 (3)はコウモリの排泄物やその死体が堆積したもので、これもリン酸を多く含み、特殊肥料に指定されている。 [小山雄生] [参照項目] | | | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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