A unit of urban planning. It places parks, churches, and other neighborhood facilities within walking distance of an elementary school. It was proposed by Clarence A. Perry in his book The Neighborhood Unit: in Regional Survey of New York and its Environs (1929) in the 1920s, against the background of anxiety in urban society in the United States, where motorization was rapidly progressing. The unit of daily living area is a block of land surrounded by a major road with high traffic volume, about the size of an elementary school district, and a road system is adopted in which streets are turned into cul-de-sacs (cul-de-sacs) to allow cars to detour, eliminating the division of the neighborhood due to traffic accidents and passing cars, and increasing the safety of the space. This theory was applied to the pedestrian and vehicle separation method of Radburn, New Jersey, USA, and had a major influence on subsequent residential planning (→Radburn method). In Japan, it was adopted in Tama New Town in Tokyo and Senri New Town in Osaka. Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information |
都市計画における単位。小学校を中心にした徒歩圏内に公園や教会などの近隣施設を配置するもので,1920年代,モータリゼーションが急速に進んだアメリカ合衆国における都市社会の不安を背景に,クラレンス・A.ペリーが著書『近隣住区論:新しいコミュニティ計画のために』The neighborhood unit: in regional survey of New York and its environs(1929)のなかで提案した。小学校区程度の広さで,交通量の多い幹線道路に囲まれた街区を日常生活圏の単位とし,街路を袋小路(クル・ド・サック cul-de-sac)化して車を迂回させる道路システムを採用することで,交通事故や通過車による地区の分断が排除され,空間の安全性が高まる。この理論はアメリカのニュージャージー州ラドバーンの歩車分離の手法に適用され,その後の住宅地計画にも大きな影響を与えた(→ラドバーン方式)。日本では東京都の多摩ニュータウン,大阪府の千里ニュータウンなどに採用された。
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