Ginsburg, Ruth Bader

Japanese: ギンズバーグ(英語表記)Ginsburg, Ruth Bader
Ginsburg, Ruth Bader
Born: March 15, 1933, Brooklyn, New York
[Died] September 18, 2020, Washington, DC
Ruth Bader Ginsburg. American judge and lawyer. United States Supreme Court Justice (1993-2020). Born Joan Ruth Bader to a Jewish merchant father, she was the second of two sisters. When she was 14 months old, her older sister died of meningitis at the age of 6, and by the time she graduated from high school, her mother had died of cancer. After graduating from Cornell University in 1954, she married Martin Ginsburg. After that, while raising her children and caring for her husband who had cancer, she studied at Harvard Law School and then at Columbia Law School after transferring. At Harvard, she became the first female editorial staff member of the law review journal Harvard Law Review, and also worked on editing the law journal at Columbia. She graduated from Columbia Law School at the top of her class in 1959. Despite her outstanding academic performance, she was repeatedly turned down for employment because she was a woman. After clerking for a federal district court judge in New York from 1959 to 1961, she taught at Rutgers Law School from 1963 to 1972 and at Columbia University from 1972 to 1980, where she became the university's first female tenured professor. In the 1970s, she served as director of the ACLU's Women's Rights Project, and as a lawyer, she argued six important cases on the issue of sexual equality before the U.S. Supreme Court. She won five of the six cases, helping to prove that sex discrimination is unconstitutional. In 1980, she was appointed by President Jimmy Carter to the U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit. In 1993, President Bill Clinton nominated her to become the second woman to serve on the Supreme Court, and she was confirmed by the U.S. Senate. She was a member of the moderate liberal minority on the Supreme Court.

Ginsburg
Ginsberg, Allen

Born June 3, 1926 in Newark, New Jersey
[Died] April 5, 1997. New York, New York. American poet. His father was a poet and an English teacher. While studying at Columbia University, he became friends with Jack Kerouac and William S. Burroughs, who would go on to lead the Beat Generation literary movement of the 1950s. Since 1948, he has traveled widely and worked in a variety of jobs, including as a cleaner and market researcher. His first published collection of poems, Howl and Other Poems (1956), is a passionate and prophetic work influenced by Walt Whitman, lamenting the destruction of beliefs by the madness of something called the "conscience of the age." It is filled with lengthy expressions of disgust for homosexuality, drug addiction, Buddhism, and his own disgust for post-World War II American society. In 1961, he published Empty Mirror Early Poems, a collection of his early poems, and Kaddish and Other Poems, a confession about his relationship with his mentally ill mother and her death. In the 1960s, he became a guru in the world of counterculture (→ subculture) led by American youth through readings of his own works in San Francisco. His other works include The Fall of America: Poems of These States, 1965–1971 (1972, National Book Award) and White Shroud: Poems 1980–1985 (1986).

Ginsburg
Ginsberg, Morris

Born: May 14, 1889.
[died] August 31, 1970, London. British sociologist. He succeeded LT Hobhouse as the main pillar of British sociology. His position was synthetic sociology, and he was critical of the so-called German formal sociology, and he advocated a holistic understanding of human relationships, including their conditions and outcomes. His main work was Studies in Sociology (1932).

Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information

Japanese:
[生]1933.3.15. ニューヨーク,ブルックリン
[没]2020.9.18. ワシントンD.C.
ルース・ベーダー・ギンズバーグ。アメリカ合衆国の裁判官,弁護士。アメリカ合衆国連邦最高裁判所判事(1993~2020)。ユダヤ教徒の商人を父に,2人姉妹の二女ジョーン・ルース・ベイダー Joan Ruth Baderとして生まれる。生後 14ヵ月のとき,姉が髄膜炎により 6歳で死亡,高校卒業の頃には母を癌で失った。1954年コーネル大学を卒業後,マーティン・ギンズバーグと結婚。その後,育児や癌になった夫の看病をしながら,ハーバード大学ロースクール,転学後はコロンビア大学ロースクールで学んだ。ハーバード大学では法律評論誌『ハーバード・ロー・レビュー』の初の女性編集スタッフとなり,コロンビア大学でも法律誌の編集に携わった。1959年コロンビア大学ロースクールを首席で卒業。傑出した学業成績にもかかわらず,女性であることを理由に何度も就職を断られた。1959~61年ニューヨークの連邦地方裁判所判事の書記を務めたのち,1963~72年ラトガーズ大学ロースクール,1972~80年コロンビア大学で教鞭をとり,コロンビアでは大学初の女性終身教授となった。1970年代にアメリカ自由人権協会 ACLUの女性の権利プロジェクトの責任者を務め,弁護士として性の平等を争点とする重要な訴訟 6件について連邦最高裁判所で争った。6件中 5件に勝訴し,性差別の違憲性を立証することに貢献した。1980年ジミー・カーター大統領によってコロンビア特別区巡回区連邦控訴裁判所の判事に任命された。1993年にはビル・クリントン大統領が,史上 2人目となる連邦最高裁判所の女性判事に指名,連邦議会上院で承認された。最高裁内では,少数派の穏健リベラル派に属した。

ギンズバーグ
Ginsberg, Allen

[生]1926.6.3. ニュージャージー,ニューアーク
[没]1997.4.5. ニューヨーク,ニューヨーク
アメリカ合衆国の詩人。詩人で英語教師の父をもつ。コロンビア大学在学中に,ともに 1950年代の文学運動ビート・ジェネレーションを牽引することになるジャック・ケルアック,ウィリアム・S.バローズと親交を結ぶ。1948年以降,広く各地を放浪し,清掃員や市場調査員など数多くの職業に従事する。最初に刊行された詩集『吠える』Howl and Other Poems(1956)は,信ずるものが「時代の良心」なるものの狂気によって破壊されることを嘆く,ウォルト・ホイットマンの影響を受けた熱狂的かつ予言的な作品で,そこには同性愛,薬物中毒,仏教,そして彼自身がいだく第2次世界大戦後のアメリカ社会に対する嫌悪感が長々とこめられている。1961年に初期の詩を集めた『うつろな鏡,初期の詩』Empty Mirror Early Poems,精神異常の母とのかかわりやその死について告白した『カディッシ』Kaddish and Other Poemsを発表。1960年代にはサンフランシスコでの自作の朗読会を通じてアメリカの若者が担うカウンターカルチャー(→サブカルチャー)の世界において教祖的存在となった。そのほかの作品に『アメリカの没落』The Fall of America: Poems of These States, 1965–1971(1972,全米図書賞),『白いかたびら』White Shroud: Poems 1980–1985(1986)などがある。

ギンズバーグ
Ginsberg, Morris

[生]1889.5.14.
[没]1970.8.31. ロンドン
イギリスの社会学者。 L.T.ホブハウスの跡を継いでイギリス社会学の主柱をなした。彼の立場は総合社会学であり,いわゆるドイツ系の形式社会学に批判的であり,人間の相互関係をその条件や結果を含めて全体的にとらえることを主張した。主著『社会学研究』 Studies in Sociology (1932) 。

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