Kinsan Ikki - Kinsan Ikki

This refers to the Wang Xiaobo/Li Shun Rebellion that occurred in Sichuan at the beginning of the Northern Song Dynasty in China, and the Zhongxiang/Yang Yi Rebellion that occurred in Hunan at the beginning of the Southern Song Dynasty. Both rebellions were named after the slogan "equalizing the rich and the poor," but there is no direct connection between them. The former was triggered by the Song Dynasty's attempt to monopolize Sichuan tea, and in 993, when tea merchants from Shuzhou, Wang Xiaobo and others rose up to overthrow the wealthy and Song Dynasty bureaucrats, it was merely a small-scale riot of several hundred people. Eventually, under the leadership of Li Shun, who claimed to be the orphan of the Later Shu Meng clan, the rebellion grew into an army of hundreds of thousands of people, including merchants and wealthy people who were dissatisfied with the Sichuan rule that had existed since the beginning of the Song Dynasty, and the following year, Li Shun occupied Chengdu, proclaiming himself King of Great Shu and becoming independent. However, the superior government forces soon recaptured Chengdu, and Li Shun went missing. His subordinate Zhang Yu and others launched a guerilla war along the tributaries of the Yangtze River, but the rebellion was put down in the summer of 995.

The latter was an independent rebellion led by local lord Zhong Sang by peasants around Dongting Lake who were suffering from the invasion of the Jin army. Since the end of the Northern Song Dynasty, the Junsan sect, which was influenced by Manichaeism and practiced mutual aid, had spread in this region, and Zhong Sang was its leader. Zhong Sang organized his followers into a loyal army to resist the Jin army, but he did not submit to the control of the Southern Song army and founded the state of Great Chu in Dingzhou in 1130, where he targeted wealthy people as well as monks, Taoists, and Confucian scholars, implementing the policies of "equalizing the rich and the poor" and "equalizing the noble and the humble." After Zhong Sang's death, Yang Yi based himself in a water village in Dongting Lake and harassed the government forces with 200,000 militiamen and superior firearms, but in 1135 he was put down by Yue Fei.

[Shima Kazuyasu]

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

中国、北宋(ほくそう)の初め、四川(しせん)に起こった王小波・李順(りじゅん)の乱と、南宋の初め、湖南に起こった鍾相(しょうしょう)・楊么(ようよう)の乱をさす。ともに「均貧富」をスローガンとしたのでこの呼称があるが、両者の間に直接のつながりはない。前者は、宋朝が四川の茶を専売化しようとしたことに端を発し、993年に蜀(しょく)州の茶商、王小波らが富豪や宋朝官僚の打倒に立ち上がった当初は、数百人の小規模な暴動にすぎなかった。やがて後蜀孟氏(こうしょくもうし)の遺孤と称する李順が率いるようになると、宋初以来の四川統治に不満を抱く商人や豪民を含む数十万の反乱軍に発展し、翌年には成都を占領、李順は大蜀王と号して自立した。しかし、優勢な官軍はまもなく成都を奪回し、李順は行方不明となり、部下の張余らが揚子江(ようすこう)支流沿いにゲリラ戦を展開したが、995年夏に鎮定された。

　後者は、金(きん)軍の侵入に苦しむ洞庭湖周辺の農民が、土豪の鍾相に率いられて自立した反乱である。北宋末からこの地域にはマニ教の影響を受け、相互扶助を行う均産教が広まっており、鍾相はその教主であった。鍾相は信者らを忠義軍に組織して金軍に抵抗したが、南宋軍の統制にも従わず、1130年鼎(てい)州に大楚(たいそ)国を建て、富豪のほか僧侶(そうりょ)、道士、儒者らを敵として「均貧富」「等貴賤(きせん)」を実行した。鍾相の死後、楊么は洞庭湖中の水寨(すいさい)に拠(よ)り、民兵20万と優れた火器とで官軍を悩ませたが、35年、岳飛(がくひ)により鎮定された。

［島居一康］

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