Sukhra

Japanese: sukhra
Sukhra

...In the Islamic period, water level gauges were built in Aswan and on Roda Island near Fustat, allowing the rise and fall of the Nile to be measured more accurately. The Fatimid caliphs (909-1171) and the Mamluk sultans (1250-1517) used the winter agricultural off-season to conscript peasant laborers (sukhra) to excavate and repair large canals such as the Alexandria Canal, and to build irrigation banks (jisr) for flooding. In addition, large amounts of mud accumulated in the canals every year, so using laborers to clean it was also an important flood control project.

From [Village]

...Rice and sugarcane in particular spread rapidly from Iran to Iraq and Egypt as new commercial crops from the mid-Abbasid period (750-1258). Labor was concentrated during the sowing season in the fall and the harvest season from spring to summer, and during the winter agricultural off-season, laborers (sukhra) were conscripted to dig and repair canals and waterways, but working in the bitter cold was a heavy burden for the peasants. It is said that some peasants injured themselves to avoid laborers.

*Some of the terminology explanations that mention "sukhra" are listed below.

Source | Heibonsha World Encyclopedia 2nd Edition | Information

Japanese:

…イスラム時代に入ると,アスワンとフスタート近くのローダ島に水位計が建設され,ナイルの増・減水はさらに正確に計測されるようになった。ファーティマ朝(909‐1171)のカリフやマムルーク朝(1250‐1517)のスルタンは,冬の農閑期を利用して農民の力役(スフラsukhra)を徴発し,アレクサンドリア運河のような大運河の開削・補修,湛水用の灌漑土手(ジスル)の建設などを行った。また運河には毎年大量の泥土が堆積したから,力役を用いてこれを清掃することも,重要な治水事業の一つであった。…

【村】より

…とくに稲やサトウキビは,アッバース朝(750‐1258)中期以降,新しい商品作物としてイランからイラク,エジプトへと急速に広まっていった。労働は秋の播種期と春から夏へかけての収穫期に集中し,冬の農閑期には運河や水路を開削・補修するために力役(スフラsukhra)の徴発が行われたが,厳しい寒さの中での作業は農民にとって大きな負担であった。力役を逃れるために,身体を傷つけて自ら不具になる者もあったといわれる。…

※「sukhra」について言及している用語解説の一部を掲載しています。

出典|株式会社平凡社世界大百科事典 第2版について | 情報

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