Also called Catholicism, it has three main meanings: (1) The position that the true Church of Christ is the one that temporally summarizes the traditions from the early churches, spatially includes all humanity worldwide, and doctrinally completely preserves the faith of all the early Universal Ecumenical Councils, based on the original meaning of Catholicism as "universal, total." It is taken to mean the world church in contrast to local churches, and the orthodox church in contrast to heresy and schismatics. Historically, it is the position of the church officially recognized by the Roman Empire, that is, the church before the decisive division of the Eastern and Western churches in 1054, and even today most Catholic churches claim to be the successors of this position in some sense. (2) The totality of theological and legal ideas that developed especially in the Middle Ages, based on the idea that the Pope, as the successor of Peter, has legal jurisdiction over the entire church, not just honorary, and is infallible and even has political power. It is taken as a concept opposed to Greek Orthodoxy and Protestantism. In this case, it is often called Roman Catholicism. (3) An ideology based on the political philosophies of Augustine and Thomas Aquinas, with its own unique ethical and natural law ideas. It moved away from fundamental meaning and played a reactionary role by continuing to oppose the ideas of liberty and equality after the French Revolution. J. Maistre and L. Bonnard were pioneers, who promoted the idea of a state based on clerical authority. H. Lamune followed, and the Catholic Church approached progressive ideas, but later, during the Dreyfus Affair, the Catholic Church fully demonstrated its reactionary nature by colluding with the military, anti-Semites, and the landowning class. Eventually, in the 20th century, Catholicism began to oppose laissez-faire capitalism and to fight uncompromisingly against communism and atheism. The Catholic Church in Spain, Portugal, and other countries also confronted the working class with a totalitarian political ideology called clerical fascism. In recent years, especially since the Second Vatican Council (1962-65), the Catholic intellectual community in Europe has shed its reactionary tendencies and begun to show acceptance of political movements based on social justice and humanism. However, within the Catholic world, movements such as liberation theology have also emerged that are not satisfied with this attitude of the church authorities and call for further change. Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information |
カトリック主義ともいい,主として次の3つの意味がある。 (1) 「普遍的,全体的」というカトリックの原意から,時間的には初期教団からの伝統を総括し,空間的には全世界の人類を包含し,教理的には初期のすべての普遍公会議の信仰を完全に保持するのがキリストの真の教会であるとする立場。地域教会に対する世界教会,異端・離教に対する正統教会の意味でとらえられる。歴史的にはローマ帝国公認教会,つまり 1054年東西両教会が決定的に分裂する以前の教会の立場で,現在でも大部分のカトリック教会はそれぞれなんらかの意味でこの立場の継承者であることを主張している。 (2) 教皇がペテロの後継者として全教会に対し,単に名誉上だけではない法的な裁治権をもち,無謬権をそなえ政治権力をさえ有するとの考えのもとに,特に中世に発達した神学的・法的思想の総体。ギリシア正教主義やプロテスタンティズムに対立する概念としてとらえられる。この場合,ローマ・カトリシズムと呼ばれることが多い。 (3) アウグスチヌスやトマス・アクィナスの政治哲学を根拠とし,特有の倫理観や自然法思想をもつ理念。原理的な意味から離れ,フランス革命以降,自由・平等の理念に反対し続けるという反動的役割を演じた。 J.メーストルや L.ボナールはその先駆者で,教権主義に基づく国家理念を鼓吹。次いで H.ラムネにいたって進歩思想への接近が行われたが,のちにドレフュス事件に際してカトリック教会は軍部,反ユダヤ主義者,大地主階級と結託して反動性を遺憾なく発揮した。やがて 20世紀に入ると,カトリシズムは自由放任的資本主義に反対するとともに共産主義や無神論に対して妥協のない戦いを開始した。スペイン,ポルトガルなどのカトリック教会も,教権ファシズムと呼ばれる全体主義的政治理念によって労働者階級と対決する。近年,とりわけ第2バチカン公会議 (1962~65) 以後,ヨーロッパのカトリック思想界は反動性を脱却し,社会正義やヒューマニズムに基づく政治運動に理解を示しはじめたが,カトリック世界の内部では,このような教会当局の姿勢に満足せず,より一層の転換を求める解放の神学のような運動も現れている。
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