Accomplice - Kyohan

Japanese: 共犯 - きょうはん
Accomplice - Kyohan

Two or more people working together to commit a crime. In contrast, a single person committing a crime is called a sole perpetrator.

Types of complicity

In this sense, complicity can be classified as necessary complicity or voluntary complicity. Necessary complicity is when the criminal law requires that a crime must be committed by two or more people, such as in riot (Article 106 of the Penal Code) or bigamy (Article 184 of the Penal Code), whereas voluntary complicity is when a crime that is intended to be committed by a single person is committed jointly by two or more people, such as in general crimes. Of these, the provisions on complicity in Chapter 11 of the General Provisions of Part 1 of the Penal Code are generally understood to be related to voluntary complicity and not to necessary complicity. In these provisions on complicity, there are three types of complicity: co-principal, instigator, and accessory. These three together are referred to as complicity in the broad sense, whereas instigator and accessory (or aiding and abetting) are referred to as complicity in the narrow sense. This distinction is based on the fact that co-principal is not only an accomplice, but also a type of principal.

[Tetsuro Nawa]

Co-perpetrator

It refers to a case where "two or more people jointly commit a crime" (Article 60 of the Penal Code). In order for joint criminal liability to exist, there must be objective joint execution (sharing of the execution act) between two or more perpetrators, as well as subjective intent to commit the crime jointly (communication of intent).

[Tetsuro Nawa]

Instigator

This refers to the case where one "incites another to commit a crime" (Article 61, Paragraph 1 of the Penal Code). In order for the crime of incitement to be established, it is necessary that one has caused another person to have a determination (criminal intent) to commit a specific crime, and that the instigated person then carries out the crime based on this determination.

[Tetsuro Nawa]

Accomplice

This refers to a case where an accomplice "aids the principal" (Article 62 of the Penal Code). For an accomplice to be found, the accomplice must facilitate the principal's act. In addition, an accomplice to a crime punishable only by detention or a fine is not punishable unless otherwise provided for (Article 64 of the Penal Code).

[Tetsuro Nawa]

The nature of complicity

There has traditionally been a fundamental conflict regarding the essence of complicity, as described below, and depending on which view one takes, there are significant differences in the scope of what constitutes complicity.

[Tetsuro Nawa]

Criminal Collaboration Theory and Act Collaboration Theory

This conflict is about what constitutes collaboration in both objective and subjective terms. The theory of collaboration in crime, based on the old school position, generally interprets collaboration as requiring objective and subjective collaboration in a specific crime. Therefore, from this position, collaboration cannot be recognized objectively between different types of crime (except when they overlap in type), and it has been generally understood that collaboration is denied in the case of negligent crimes, because there is no subjective communication of intent (i.e., criminal intent) between intentional and negligent crimes, or within negligent crimes. However, even from this position, there are some views that affirm collaboration in negligent acts. In contrast, the theory of collaboration in acts, based on the new school position, interprets collaboration as sufficient in terms of natural acts (i.e., acts) from a legal perspective. According to this view, collaboration can be affirmed in all of the above cases as long as there is collaboration in acts both objectively and subjectively. Furthermore, there is a difference between the two theories in terms of the scope of complicity, even in the case of so-called unilateral complicity and successive complicity.

[Tetsuro Nawa]

Complicity Dependency Theory and Complicity Independence Theory

Regarding the relationship between the principal and accomplices in the narrow sense (instigators, accessories), the theory of dependent complicity holds that accomplices are dependent on the principal and that complicity can only be established if the principal commits a certain act, whereas the theory of independent complicity holds that accomplices participate in the realization of a crime in a different sense from the principal, and therefore are punishable independently of the principal. Of these, the former theory can be said to correspond to the old school position, while the latter theory corresponds to the new school position. The interpretive difference between the two theories is particularly in the question of whether an accomplice can be punished even if the principal does not initiate the commission of the crime (commitment dependency). On this point, the former theory requires commitment dependency, whereas the latter theory interprets it as not requiring this. Of these, the theory of dependency on complicity is the prevailing theory and the position of precedents, but as to what degree of act by the principal is required for complicity (degree of dependency), the extreme dependency theory, which interprets it as requiring the principal to commit an illegal or culpable act that meets the elements of the crime, was dominant in the past, but today the limited dependency theory, which interprets it as sufficient if there is an illegal act that meets the elements of the crime, has become the prevailing theory. For example, regarding the existence of complicity against a person who is not responsible for his/her crime, the extreme dependency theory leaves no room for complicity and has been interpreted as an indirect principal, but the limited dependency theory can affirm this, so instigating a crime to a person under the age of 14 can also be punished as instigation.

[Tetsuro Nawa]

The reality of complicity

Thus, in theory and in positive law, there is a clear distinction between co-principals, instigators, and accessories in complicity, but in the actual operation of the law in Japan, the theory of conspiracy and joint principals is widely applied, and all conspirators who participated in a conspiracy to commit a crime are punished as co-principals once some of them have committed the crime, even if they did not directly participate in the execution of the crime. Therefore, under this theory, most instigators and intangible accessories in advance (mental assistance) are considered to be cases of participation in a "conspiracy," and are recognized as co-principals. As a result, of the three types of complicity, co-principals account for the majority, and instigators are very rare.

[Tetsuro Nawa]

[Reference] | Instigator | Co-perpetrator | Accomplice | Principal

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

2人以上の者が共同して犯罪を実現すること。これに対し、単独で犯罪を実現する場合を単独犯という。

共犯の種類

この意味の共犯には必要的共犯と任意的共犯とがある。必要的共犯とは、たとえば騒乱罪(刑法106条)、重婚罪(同法184条)のように、当該刑罰法規がもともと2人以上の者による犯行が不可欠であることを予定している場合であるのに対して、任意的共犯とは、一般の犯罪のように、刑法上は単独犯が予定されている犯罪を、2人以上の者が共同して実現する場合である。このうち、刑法第1編総則第11章の共犯規定は、任意的共犯に関するものであり、必要的共犯には適用されないものと一般に解されている。この共犯規定には、共犯として、共同正犯、教唆犯、従犯の3種類がある。これら三つをあわせて広義の共犯というのに対して、教唆犯と従犯(または幇助(ほうじょ)犯)とを狭義の共犯とよぶ。この区別は、共同正犯が共犯である一面とともに、正犯の一種でもあることに基づくものである。

[名和鐵郎]

共同正犯

「2人以上共同して犯罪を実行した」場合をいう(刑法60条)。共同正犯が成立するためには、2人以上の行為者の間に、客観的に共同実行(実行行為の分担)を要するとともに、主観的にも、共同実行の意思(意思の連絡)が必要とされる。

[名和鐵郎]

教唆犯

「人を教唆して犯罪を実行させた」場合をいう(刑法61条1項)。教唆犯が成立するためには、他人に対し特定の犯罪を実行する決意(犯意)を生じさせるとともに、これに基づいて被教唆者が犯罪を実行したことが必要である。

[名和鐵郎]

従犯

「正犯を幇助した」場合をいう(刑法62条)。従犯の成立には、従犯者が正犯者の実行行為を容易にすることが必要である。なお、拘留または科料のみに処すべき罪の従犯は、特別の規定がない限り不可罰とされる(同法64条)。

[名和鐵郎]

共犯の本質

共犯の本質をめぐり、従来次のような根本的対立があり、いずれの見解にたつかによって、共犯の成立範囲に大きな違いが生じる。

[名和鐵郎]

犯罪共同説と行為共同説

この対立は、共犯とは客観・主観の両面において何を共同にするのか、という点に関するものである。犯罪共同説においては、おおむね旧派的立場を前提として、共犯は特定の犯罪につき客観的・主観的に共同することを要するものと解される。したがって、この立場からは、異なる犯罪類型(類型的に重なる場合は別)相互には、客観面において共犯の成立が認められないし、また、過失犯に関しては、故意犯と過失犯であれ、過失犯内部であれ、主観的に意思(すなわち犯意)の連絡がないから、共犯は否定されるものと一般に解されてきた。ただ、この立場でも、過失の共同正犯につきこれを肯定する見解もみられる。これに対して行為共同説は、新派的立場を前提としつつ、前法的にみて自然的行為(すなわち行為)につき共同があれば足りると解する。この見解によれば、前述のすべての場合につき客観・主観の両面で行為の共同が存在する限り、共犯を肯定しうるものとしている。さらに、両説の間には、いわゆる片面的共犯や承継的共犯についても、共犯の成立範囲に広狭の差が生じることになる。

[名和鐵郎]

共犯従属性説と共犯独立性説

正犯と狭義の共犯(教唆犯、従犯)との関係をめぐって、共犯従属性説が、共犯は正犯に従属性を有し、正犯が一定の行為を行った場合にのみ、その共犯は成立しうると説くのに対して、共犯独立性説においては、共犯は正犯とは別の意味で犯罪の実現に向けて参画するものであるから、共犯は正犯と独立して可罰性を帯びるものと解される。このうち、おおむね前説は旧派的立場、後説は新派的立場に対応するものといえる。両説における解釈論的な違いは、とくに、正犯者が犯罪の実行に着手しなくてもその共犯は処罰されうるか、という点(実行従属性)にある。この点につき前説では実行従属性を要求するのに対して、後説ではこれを要しないものと解している。このうち、共犯従属性説が通説・判例の立場であるが、共犯の成立にとって、正犯者によるどの程度の行為を要するか(従属性の程度)については、従来、正犯が構成要件に該当する違法、有責の行為を必要とすると解する極端従属性説が支配的であったが、今日ではむしろ、構成要件に該当する違法な行為が存在すれば足りると解する制限従属性説が通説化している。このうち、たとえば責任無能力者に対する共犯の成否につき、極端従属性説では共犯が成立する余地はなく、間接正犯と解されてきたが、制限従属性説では、これを肯定しうるから、14歳未満の者に犯罪を教唆するのも教唆犯として処罰しうることになる。

[名和鐵郎]

共犯の実際

このように、理論的にもまた実定法的にも、共犯につき共同正犯、教唆犯、従犯は明確に区別されてはいるが、わが国における法運用の実際をみると、共謀共同正犯の理論が広く適用され、ある犯罪につき共謀に参加した者は、その一部が実行に出た以上、直接には実行に参加していなくても共謀者全員が共同正犯として処罰されている。そこで、この理論のもとでは、大部分の教唆犯や事前の無形的従犯(精神的幇助)は「共謀」に参加した場合として、共同正犯が認められる結果、三つの共犯形態のうち、大部分を共同正犯が占め、教唆犯は非常に少ないことになる。

[名和鐵郎]

[参照項目] | 教唆犯 | 共同正犯 | 従犯 | 正犯

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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